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Answer to the Question on Rural Trade, Title Page and Preface

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Answer to the Question Posed by the Society of Arts and Sciences in Gothenburg

Whether Rural Trade Is Generally Useful or Harmful to a Country, and to What Extent It Contributes to the Promotion or Decline of Industry

By Anders Chydenius Rector of Kokkola

Stockholm, Printed at the Royal Printing-Press, 1777.

 

Preface

I herewith present to you, dear reader, a treatise about the rural trade, as to whether it is useful or harmful to a country.

It is not the first time that I venture to defend the freedom of the people and my fellow citizens before a revered public.

The Answer that I submitted to the Royal Academy of Sciences in response to its question concerning the cause of the emigration of Swedish people1 was printed in 1765.

Soon after that, I took up the defence of the natural rights of our maritime towns in the form of a treatise entitled: Refutation of the Reasons Employed to Deny the Towns in Ostrobothnia and Västerbotten as Well as in Västernorrland a Free Navigation.2

In the same year I ventured to defend freedom of trade in general in this country and demonstrated the unfortunate consequences of the Commodity Ordinance in particular in a tract entitled The Source of Our Country’s Weakness,3 of which the publisher, the late Director Salvius, within a fortnight printed two issues that attracted the particular attention of many people and was therefore described by the Royal Librarian Mr Gjörwell4 as the most notorious tract to appear during the entire period of the Diet.

The author, who was at first anonymous, was thought to be a foreigner or a Swede bought by foreigners to betray his fatherland; the tract was therefore, apart from innumerable small pamphlets, attacked with extraordinary zeal in two more extensive treatises, of which the first was called Circumstantial Refutation of the Treatise Called The Source of Our Country’s Weakness5 and the second Water Tests Conducted at the Same Source,6 and that with such vehemence that everyone proclaimed the defeat of the author, and his friends advised him, as the best way to save his honour, which under such circumstances might be entirely destroyed, never again to attempt to engage in that subject.

Despite that, however, I ventured to confront my powerful opponents, with no other protection than the naked truth, and, in order to prepare the ground for my intended response, had a tract printed called The National Gain,7 following which, towards the autumn of the same year, my Circumstantial Response to the Refutation and to the Water Tester appeared. The effect of this was that, of my brave assailants, although they had casually spread innuendos and venom in various other tracts against the truth and its defender, none dared to extend their refutation into an attack on the foundation on which I had erected my edifice of liberty. I had in fact hoped they would, in order thereby to gain further scope to expand the concepts of freedom among our citizens and to convince them all the more fully of such a precious truth.

With calm restored on that front, the duty incumbent on me as member of the Diet led me to make some investigation of the finances of the kingdom and of the then so controversial redemption policy and the reduction of the rate of exchange, with its consequences for the whole economy, and I recorded my indefeasible thoughts on that subject, which I submitted the same autumn to the honourable Joint Banking Committee of the Estates of the Realm, with the express reservation that if the Joint Banking Committee did not wish to comment on them, I would then be obliged to present these thoughts of mine in full to the public, so that both contemporaries and posterity should see that I had no part in the so­called reduction of the exchange rate and that all the disadvantages that would be caused to the public thereby had been clearly foreseen and predicted. I often discussed these with the members of the Joint Banking Committee. I raised them during debates, but when that had no effect, I fulfilled my promise and ordered my thoughts in A Remedy for the Country by Means of a Natural System of Finance,8 which I submitted to the consideration of my Estate, where it was examined by the deputies and, with the endorsement and permission of that Estate, printed in 1766.

Scarcely had that been printed when the alarm was sounded everywhere. I was summoned to appear before the honourable Secret Committee. My Estate revoked its endorsement, although it had been based on an examination by the deputies, and held it to be a very lenient punishment for my crime, which consisted in daring to consider means of preserving the realm, when the Estate declared me unworthy of its confidence.

Serious offences against the whole of Europe were seen in my tract. Delusions were read in every line and dangerous designs underlying the whole. It was publicly stated that I had been bought by an opposition party, the purchase sum being set at 70,000 or 80,000 daler. Fearsome formulas of apology were proposed and urged, and there was much talk of an arrest and even more.

The first edition was quickly sold out, however, and within three weeks of that, Director Salvius had already sold the following one, though without distinguishing them in any way on the title page, as it was feared that the entire tract would be confiscated and banned.

Finally, a starving hack9 was hired to spew streams of venom over the author on behalf of the establishment, using the most offensive expressions of ferrymen’s language, to vent the indignation of the party and to arouse among the unthinking mob, which was at that time used to carry into effect by its voice the decisions of the great men, an abhorrence and loathing for the truths that he had brought to light. I can now look upon the troubles that I suffered with all the more contentment as I have not needed to write anything in my defence, the upheavals of recent years having told in my favour, and His Majesty has based his Redemption Ordinance10 in all essentials on the same fundamental truths, bringing blessed stability to the long-perturbed enterprise of the entire kingdom for all future time – a great encouragement for one who loves his native land to also venture something in the future for truths that are of such great benefit to our species.

During the same period the question of censorship, so important in every age for free societies, was discussed in the Grand Committee’s Third Committee on the Freedom of Printing. There I also had the fortune to be able to speak out for liberty and to some extent, despite the active opposition of several important members, contribute to freeing it from its tutelage.

Moved by the same tender feelings for freedom and for the citizens, I have composed this little treatise. The reason for it is made clear by its title. The Society of Arts and Sciences in Gothenburg some years ago announced a prize question, to be answered, regarding the rural trade, which received no answers the first time round and was therefore set again as a competition subject for the year 1776, when this answer of mine was submitted. None of the answers received won the prize, however, but one was awarded the so­called accessit,11 in addition to which the Society expressed itself favourably about this answer of mine and willing to publish it if the author himself would only make such changes as the Society would propose to him. The Society of Arts and Sciences also graciously informed me, under my motto, of these, which I have to the best of my ability sought to use to improve my treatise. But as I nonetheless apprehend that the Society may still on its part find many doubtful matters in it, which I, on the other hand, being ardent and sensitive in defence of liberty, would not wish to remove from this publication of mine, I have decided to present it on its own merits rather than be the cause of further trouble on account of it to such a venerable Society.

Most of all, dear reader, I prefer to leave my essay to your examination. I am quite prepared to be contradicted, but no other reasons convince me than those that palpably lead to the only true purpose of all political arrangements, the happiness of our species.

Kokkola 26 September 1777 Anders Chydenius


  1. The Causes of Emigration
  2. Refutation of the Reasons...: A. Chydenius, Wederläggning Af de Skäl, Hwarmed man söker bestrida Öster- och Västerbotniska Samt Wäster-Norrländske Städerne Fri Seglation, Stockholm, 1765.
  3. The Source of Our Country’s Weakness
  4. Carl Christoffer Gjörwell (1731–1811) was a publicist and librarian first at the University of Greifswald (then in Swedish hands) and after that in Stockholm. He is most famous for the publication of more than 20 journals from the 1760s onwards dealing, for instance, with political issues. Through his many letters (altogether 80 volumes) he is an extraordinary source for historical inquiry regarding the Age of Liberty and the reign of Gustavus III.
  5. Circumstantial Refutation: The tract Circumstantial Refutation of the Treatise Called The Source of Our Country’s Weakness (Omständelig wederläggning af skriften, kallad: Källan til rikets wanmagt, Stockholm, 1765.) was probably written by Bengt Junggren.
  6. Water Tests: E.F. Runeberg, Wattu-prof wid Källan til rikets wanmagt, Stockholm, 1765.; see also Commentary on The Source of Our Country’s Weakness.
  7. The National Gain
  8. A Remedy for the Country...
  9. a starving hack: refers to an anonymous pamphlet published in September 1766, Rikets fördärf och undergång genom et konstladt och förledande finance-systeme, nyligen föreslagit såsom rikets hjelp, af riksdagsmannen och comministern magister Andreas Chydenius. The writer was most probably Jacob Gabriel Rothman (1721–72), a former pro­sector in anatomy at Uppsala University. He seems to have been sacked from the university in 1755 for misconduct. In 1768 Rothman published another work, Philolalus Parrhesiastes secundus, eller Pratsjuke Fritalaren den andre, which gained him the designation “abominable free speaker” by Carl Christoffer Gjörwell.
  10. Redemption Ordinance: In 1776 a monetary reform was introduced which replaced the old, complicated system based on silver and copper daler with the riksdaler, divided into 48 skilling. The old banknotes were redeemed for half of their nominal value, or in practice their current value, and the currency was tied to a silver standard. In Chydenius’s view the reform proved that he had been right in his A Remedy for the Country by a Natural System of Finance of 1766, which argued against any drastic revaluation of the currency. This reform rendered obsolete this old controversy, which had occupied so much of Chydenius’s time during the Diet of 1765–6.
  11. accessit: the runner-up prize; a prize awarded to a person judged to be next in merit to the actual winner.

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