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Writing: The National Gain

The National Gain, § 3

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§ 3

If the statement were in all respects true that Sweden during the past year of 1764 exported commodities for approximately 72 million daler5 kmt but the imported ones amounted to no more than 66 million, then our national profit for that year would be six million daler.

Of the total sum of our exports, the value of iron constitutes almost two-thirds, but let us suppose that within a century the export of iron will have been reduced by half, owing to a reduction in forest or for some other reasons, and would thus constitute no more than one-third of our exports, while others, such as grain, provisions and timber, were exported in place of the one-third lost in the iron trade. My question, assuming all other exported and imported commodities to be of the same value as now, is whether the national profit would not then remain at the same level? Or, should the iron exports at a certain time be reduced in value by six million daler but the ten million paid to foreigners for grain last year instead be retained in the kingdom, would the nation not after all have gained four million by that change?

If we imagine a state that possessed neither agriculture nor a mining industry, neither cattle-raising nor shipping, but only produced a large quantity of earthen or clay vessels that were in demand throughout Europe and would thereby not only be supplied with all its necessities but also annually receive two million in gold and silver, would those two million then not undeniably constitute a profit for that nation?

However, if one-third of the same nation, following the example of others, were to abandon this industry of theirs and become farmers, with the intention of obtaining bread for themselves and their fellow citizens by that means, in the belief that they would gain more thereby, but the grain were to be worth 1 million less than the former output of that third, then it is clear that it has earned the nation 1 million less in profit, or, in other words, incurred a loss of the same magnitude.

This makes it obvious that a nation does not gain by being employed in many kinds of trades6 but by engaging in those industries that are most profitable, that is, where the smallest number of people can produce commodities of the highest value.

 

Original language

§. 3.

Om den upgiften til alla delar wore riktig, at Swerige förde ut förledit år 1764 waror för wid pass 72 Millioner Daler5 Kopp:mt, men de inkomne ej stiga til mera än 66 Millioner, så wore ju wår Nationela winst för det året 6 Millioner Daler.

Af hela wår Export-summa utgör järnets wärde inemot 2/3:delar; men lät oss supponera1, at inom hundrade år, för skogsbrist eller några andra orsaker, Järn-exporten minskats til hälften, och således ej gjorde mera än 1/3:del af wåra Exporter; men några andra, til exempel spannemål, victualier2 och träwaror i det stället exporterades för den i Järn-handelen förlorade 1/3:del. Jag frågar då, i händelse alla öfriga ut- och införskrefna waror skulle bestiga sig til samma wärde som nu, om icke Nationnale winsten äfwen wore då lika stor? Eller om Järn-exportation skulle minskas någon gång til 6 Millioner Daler mindre wärde; men de för Spannemålen i fjol til främmande utbetalte 10 Millioner finge i det stället blifwa qwar i Riket, mon Nationen icke likafullt hade wunnit genom denna förwandling 4 Millioner?

Om wi föreställe oss, at det skulle finnas någon Stat, som icke hade något jordbruk eller bärgwerk, hwarken boskaps-skötsel eller sjöfart, utan blott af jord eller lera tilredde en myckenhet öfwer hela Europa begärliga käril3, och blefwe därföre ej allenast försedd med alla sina nödtorfter, utan ock skulle emottaga 2 Millioner i gull och silfwer årligen, wore icke dessa 2 Millioner då oförnekeligen denna Nations winst.

Men om 1/3:del af samma Nation skulle efter andras exempel öfwergifwa denna sin handtering och blifwa jordbrukare, i mening, at därigenom skaffa sig och sina medborgare bröd, och tro sig därigenom winna mera, men den tilwerkade spannemål wore 1 Million i wärde ringare, än samma tredjedels förra tilwerkning; så är ju klart, at den därigenom tilskyndat Nationen 1 Millions mindre winst, eller som är det samma, en lika stor förlust.

Häraf blifwer således handgripeligt, at en Nation icke winner därigenom, at hon syslosättes med många slags hand6teringar, utan därigenom, at hon arbetar i de näringar som bäst betala sig, det är, hwarest minsta antal människor kunna frambringa waror til det högsta wärde.


  1. anta
  2. livsmedel
  3. kärl

Finnish

§ 3

Jos se tieto pitää kaikilta osin paikkansa, että Ruotsi vei kuluneena vuonna 1764 maasta tavaraa 72 miljoonan kuparitaalerin5 arvosta, kun taas tuonti jäi 66 miljoonaan, silloin kansallinen voittomme on siltä vuodelta 6 miljoonaa taaleria.

Raudan arvo on suunnilleen 2/3 vientimme kokonaismäärästä. Mutta olettakaamme, että sadan vuoden kuluessa raudan vienti on puupulan tai jonkin muun syyn tähden vähentynyt puoleen ja on enää vain 1/3 viennistämme, mutta joidenkin tuotteiden, esimerkiksi viljan, muiden elintarvikkeiden ja puutavaran vienti korvaa raudan myynnissä menetetyn kolmanneksen. Kysyn nyt: jos kaikkien muiden vienti- ja tuontitavaroiden arvo on yhtä suuri kuin nyt, eikö kansallinen voittokin ole silloin yhtä suuri? Tai jos raudan viennin arvo laskisi joskus 6 miljoonaa taaleria, mutta viljasta edellisvuonna ulkomaille maksetut 10 miljoonaa jäisivät maahan, eikö kansakunta olisi tämän muutoksen jälkeen silti voittanut 4 miljoonaa?

Jos kuvittelemme valtion, jossa ei harjoitettaisi maanviljelystä eikä kaivostoimintaa, ei karjanhoitoa eikä merenkulkua, vaan jossa valmistettaisiin vain suuria määriä koko Euroopassa haluttuja astioita maasta tai savesta, ja että tämä valtio tällä tavalla saisi hankittua paitsi kaikki välttämättömät tarvikkeet, myös joka vuosi 2 miljoonan edestä kultaa ja hopeaa, niin eivätkö ne 2 miljoonaa olisi silloin sen kansakunnan kiistämätön voitto.

Jos sitten 1/3 samasta kansakunnasta luopuisi muiden esimerkkiä seuraten elinkeinostaan ja ryhtyisi maanviljelijöiksi hankkiakseen näin itselleen ja maanmiehilleen leipää ja uskoisi sillä tavoin ansaitsevansa enemmän, mutta tuotetun viljan arvo olisi 1 miljoonan alempi kuin saman kolmanneksen aikaisempi tuotanto, silloin kansakunta olisi selvästikin saanut 1 miljoonan vähemmän voittoa, olisi toisin sanoen kärsinyt näin suuren tappion.

Nähdään siis kouriintuntuvasti, ettei kansakunta kerää voittoa monenlaisella toiminnalla,6 vaan harjoittamalla parhaiten kannattavia elinkeinoja, toisin sanoen niitä, joissa pienin ihmismäärä pystyy tuottamaan arvoltaan suurimmat tavarat.

English

§ 3

If the statement were in all respects true that Sweden during the past year of 1764 exported commodities for approximately 72 million daler5 kmt but the imported ones amounted to no more than 66 million, then our national profit for that year would be six million daler.

Of the total sum of our exports, the value of iron constitutes almost two-thirds, but let us suppose that within a century the export of iron will have been reduced by half, owing to a reduction in forest or for some other reasons, and would thus constitute no more than one-third of our exports, while others, such as grain, provisions and timber, were exported in place of the one-third lost in the iron trade. My question, assuming all other exported and imported commodities to be of the same value as now, is whether the national profit would not then remain at the same level? Or, should the iron exports at a certain time be reduced in value by six million daler but the ten million paid to foreigners for grain last year instead be retained in the kingdom, would the nation not after all have gained four million by that change?

If we imagine a state that possessed neither agriculture nor a mining industry, neither cattle-raising nor shipping, but only produced a large quantity of earthen or clay vessels that were in demand throughout Europe and would thereby not only be supplied with all its necessities but also annually receive two million in gold and silver, would those two million then not undeniably constitute a profit for that nation?

However, if one-third of the same nation, following the example of others, were to abandon this industry of theirs and become farmers, with the intention of obtaining bread for themselves and their fellow citizens by that means, in the belief that they would gain more thereby, but the grain were to be worth 1 million less than the former output of that third, then it is clear that it has earned the nation 1 million less in profit, or, in other words, incurred a loss of the same magnitude.

This makes it obvious that a nation does not gain by being employed in many kinds of trades6 but by engaging in those industries that are most profitable, that is, where the smallest number of people can produce commodities of the highest value.

 

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