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Writing: The National Gain

The National Gain, § 24

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§ 24

That part of our laws that concerns rural trade deserves our special attention.1 A merchant is not allowed to travel around the country and sell his wares, nor the farmer to buy up anything from his neighbours and take it to market in town or to provide them with any goods from the town in return.

Unless a neighbour is willing to become his agent, he must personally undertake a journey of two or three days to the town, often for a lighting flint or a twist of tobacco, perhaps during the busiest period of harvest time. Who, then, is to pay for his journey? Had his neighbour been allowed to conduct a little trade in the most necessary wares, he would have avoided this waste of time, but, as that has been banned, I can only attribute this waste to the regulation itself.

I must regret that it has not been scrupulously obeyed, but I also believe, out of deepest conviction, that such law-breaking has saved at least a quarter of the nation from a wasted existence.

To discuss such an important matter fully is not possible here. I simply wish to encourage the reader to give some thought to it.25

The whole of Savo (Savolax), Häme (Tavastland) and Karelia2 lie far from any towns. Grain and provisions are their products, in exchange for which they obtain salt and other necessities from the towns. The more affluent buy them up from their neighbours, who do not have horses or cannot take these goods to the town themselves, and in return provide them with their necessities.

No one undertakes to act as an agent for poor people, nor is anyone able to deal with 50 or 60 individuals. If this rural trade had not been conducted, the country would therefore be deprived of their products and the poor would waste their lives in hunger and idleness. If there is no demand for the commodity, production will come to a complete standstill, and what happens then to the national profit?


  1. . . . that part of our laws that concerns rural trade: so-called landsköp or landthandel (buying up in the countryside) or farmers trading with each other was in principle forbidden, and had been at least since 1538. Instead, farmers were obliged to transport wares to cities in order for them to be put to market. This also included the provision that farmers had to pay a duty when entering the city (the so-called little toll). The latter existed until 1810. The last restrictions on rural trade were lifted in 1846 and 1864 in Sweden and in 1859 in Finland (see also Commentary on The Answer to the Question on Rural Trade).
  2. Savo, Häme and Karelia are three counties in Finland.
Original language

§. 24.

Den puncten allena ibland wåra författningar, som rörer Landthandelen3, är wärd all upmärksamhet. Icke får en handlande fara omkring i landet och sälja ut sina waror, ej eller Landtmannen köpa up något af sina grannar och föra til stads, eller betjena dem med några waror från staden tilbaka.

Om grannen ej wil blifwa hans Commissionaire, måste han sjelf, ofta för en bit flinta och en aln tobak4, företaga sig en 2 à 3 dagars resa til staden, til äfwentyrs i brådaste andetiden5. Hwem är då, som skal betala honom sin resa? hade hans granne fått drifwa liten handel med de nödwändigaste waror, så hade han undgåt denna tidsspilla; men efter det warit förbudit, kan jag ej annat, än skrifwa denna förlust på sjelfwa författningens Conto.

Jag måste beklaga, at den samma ej blifwit noga efterlefwad: men finner ock efter ömaste öfwertygelse, detta lagbrott hafwa räddat åtminstone en fjerdedel af Riket från ödesmål6.

At på detta ställe lägga en så stor sak, som denna är, i full dag, låter nu ej göra sig. Jag wil blott lämna Läsaren anledning, at tänka något på hänne.25

Hela Sawolax, Tawastland och Carelen ligga långt afsides från några städer. Spannemål och Victualier äro deras waror, för hwilka de ifrån städerna förse sig med salt och andra behof. Nu köpa de förmögnare up af sina grannar, som sjelfwa icke hafwa hästar eller kunna komma til stads dessa waror, och förse dem med sina nödtorfter7 tilbaka.

At wara de fattigas Commissionaire åtager sig ingen, och at göra räkning8 med 50 à 60 stycken, är ingen i stånd til. Hade altså denna Landthandel icke blifwit föröfwad, skulle Riket sakna deras waror, och de fattiga i hunger och lättja sätta lifwet til. Blifwer icke waran eftersökt, stannar tilwerkningen aldeles af, och hwart tager då den Nationale winsten wägen?


  1. Den puncten ... som rörer Landthandelen: Borgarna fick inte bedriva handel på landsbygden och bönderna fick inte sinsemellan handla yrkesmässigt. All handel skulle äga rum i städerna eller vid marknader vid bestämda tidpunkter.
  2. en aln tobak: Vid tobaksspinnerierna spann man tobaksbladen till långa ”rep” som sedan skars i alnslånga bitar och snurrades till en så kallad tobaksrulle.
  3. skördetiden
  4. det att jorden lämnas obrukad och hemmanen överges för en längre tid
  5. de mest oumbärliga varorna
  6. at göra räkning: att räkna ut hur mycket var och en skall få

Finnish

§ 24

Jo pelkästään se lainkohtamme, joka koskee maakauppaa9, ansaitsee kaiken huomion. Kauppiaan ei anneta kiertää maaseudulla myymässä tavaroitaan, eikä maamiehen ostaa joitakin tavaroita naapureiltaan viedäkseen ne kaupunkiin, eikä liioin palvella naapureita tuomalla heille vuorostaan jotain tavaraa kaupungista.

Ellei naapuri halua ruveta maamiehen asiamieheksi, maanviljelijän on itse lähdettävä kahden tai kolmen päivän matkalle kaupunkiin, usein vain saadakseen piikiven palasen tai kyynärän verran tupakkaa10, mahdollisesti kiireimpään elonkorjuuaikaan. Kuka silloin maksaa hänen matkansa? Jos naapuri saisi käydä pientä kauppaa välttämättömimmillä tavaroilla, viljelijän ei tarvitsisi hukata aikaansa. Koska kaupankäynti kuitenkin on kielletty, en voi muuta kuin lukea menetyksen itse asetuksen syyksi.

On valittaen todettava, ettei asetusta ole noudatettu tarkasti. Olen kuitenkin syvästi vakuuttunut siitä, että tämän lain rikkominen on pelastanut vähintään neljänneksen valtakunnasta autioitumiselta.

Tässä ei ole mahdollista käsitellä näin suurta asiaa täydessä laajuudessaan. Haluan vain antaa lukijalle aihetta pohtia asiaa hiukan.25

Koko Savo, Häme ja Karjala ovat kaukana kaikista kaupungeista. Ne tuottavat viljaa ja muita elintarvikkeita ja näillä tuotteilla ne ostavat kaupungeista suolaa ja muuta tarvitsemaansa. Varakkaammat ostavat tuotteita naapureiltaan, joilla ei ole hevosia tai jotka eivät pääse viemään tavaroita kaupunkiin, ja tuovat heille vuorostaan mitä he tarvitsevat.

Kukaan ei ryhdy köyhien asiamieheksi eikä kukaan pysy selvillä laskuista 50–60 eri henkilön kanssa. Ellei siis tällaista maakauppaa olisi harjoitettu, valtakunta olisi menettänyt näiden maakuntien tavarat, ja nälkä ja toimettomuus olisi vienyt köyhiltä hengen. Ellei tavaralle ole kysyntää, valmistus loppuu kokonaan, ja miten käy silloin kansallisen voiton?


  1. lainkohtamme, joka koskee maakauppaa: Porvarit eivät saaneet käydä kauppaa maaseudulla eivätkä talonpojat harjoittaa ammattimaista kaupankäyntiä keskenään. Kaupankäynnin tuli tapahtua kaupungeissa ja sallittuina aikoina maaseudun markkinapaikoissa.
  2. kyynärän verran tupakkaa: Tupakkakehräämöissä tupakan lehdistä kehrättiin ensin pitkä köysi, joka sitten leikattiin kyynärän mittaisiksi paloiksi ja kierrettiin ns. tupakkarulliksi.

English

§ 24

That part of our laws that concerns rural trade deserves our special attention.11 A merchant is not allowed to travel around the country and sell his wares, nor the farmer to buy up anything from his neighbours and take it to market in town or to provide them with any goods from the town in return.

Unless a neighbour is willing to become his agent, he must personally undertake a journey of two or three days to the town, often for a lighting flint or a twist of tobacco, perhaps during the busiest period of harvest time. Who, then, is to pay for his journey? Had his neighbour been allowed to conduct a little trade in the most necessary wares, he would have avoided this waste of time, but, as that has been banned, I can only attribute this waste to the regulation itself.

I must regret that it has not been scrupulously obeyed, but I also believe, out of deepest conviction, that such law-breaking has saved at least a quarter of the nation from a wasted existence.

To discuss such an important matter fully is not possible here. I simply wish to encourage the reader to give some thought to it.25

The whole of Savo (Savolax), Häme (Tavastland) and Karelia12 lie far from any towns. Grain and provisions are their products, in exchange for which they obtain salt and other necessities from the towns. The more affluent buy them up from their neighbours, who do not have horses or cannot take these goods to the town themselves, and in return provide them with their necessities.

No one undertakes to act as an agent for poor people, nor is anyone able to deal with 50 or 60 individuals. If this rural trade had not been conducted, the country would therefore be deprived of their products and the poor would waste their lives in hunger and idleness. If there is no demand for the commodity, production will come to a complete standstill, and what happens then to the national profit?


  1. . . . that part of our laws that concerns rural trade: so-called landsköp or landthandel (buying up in the countryside) or farmers trading with each other was in principle forbidden, and had been at least since 1538. Instead, farmers were obliged to transport wares to cities in order for them to be put to market. This also included the provision that farmers had to pay a duty when entering the city (the so-called little toll). The latter existed until 1810. The last restrictions on rural trade were lifted in 1846 and 1864 in Sweden and in 1859 in Finland (see also Commentary on The Answer to the Question on Rural Trade).
  2. Savo, Häme and Karelia are three counties in Finland.

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