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§ 12

However, we find an even more significant cause of the deplored shortage of workers in that same statute on servants, if we accept as a fact what was demonstrated above in § 6, that it is mainly annual service contracts that inhibit marriages.

The proposition that without marriages our species cannot survive possesses very nearly the same degree of certainty as that inherent in the mathematical axioms; as soon, therefore, as there is talk of a dearth of population, of a sparsely populated land, it seems to me that all rational thought must turn towards marriages, to see whether our political arrangements or their consequences offer some obstruction to this tenderest instinct of nature. If that is found to be the case, and, even with a troubling dearth of population, we still wish to defend them, we shall be working directly against the real means of remedying the evil and at the same time erecting insuperable barriers to the growth and strength of the kingdom and thereby increasing the complaints and distress of those who now suffer from a shortage of workers.

If a country does not have as many inhabitants as it is able to contain and are capable of supporting themselves there, one can safely say that it must be the fault of the government, not of nature. With regard to the propagation of the human species, nature is quite enterprising and generous, as with the other animals according to their kind, and ought therefore to entirely fulfil the blessing and purpose of its great Creator, to multiply and cover the earth. But when officials must spend their best years unmarried, because of a salary insufficient to provide maintenance for a wife, and the humblest workers toil under annual service contracts without seeing any chances of supporting a wife and children or having the freedom to build themselves a hut to live in, then it is not surprising that the growth of the kingdom will be slight and that masters make reasonable complaints about the scarcity of workers, but that this scarcity is to be overcome by even harsher constraints and greater obstructions to marriage is such a preposterous proposal that it will scarcely be able to gain any adherents among thoughtful individuals.

Now what do the proponents of the statute on servants reply to that? This statute, they say, has nothing to do with population growth but only with the appropriate use of the people for the benefit of the kingdom and the citizens; there are other laws intended to promote an increase in subjects, so there is no need for the supply of workers to run short on that account; but, dear reader! what is the good of thus using them appropriately when this very system so manifestly, as has now been demonstrated, disperses the existing workers and completely prevents the rearing of new ones? If other statutes, they say, promote the growth in population, then the ordinance on servants is useful for employing them correctly. But I respond, to the contrary, that when the statute on servants, in the form now proposed, destroys all freedom and security for workers, no other law can possibly promote their increase while this one exists; that is utterly impossible.

From where are workers to come? Who does not know that none arrive among us here from abroad, and in this country the nursery garden for people is obstructed by legislation; is our entire plantation not, then, bound to die out? It is also said: there is no real shortage here, if only proper use were made of the population; what that really amounts to is: if only I and someone else were allowed, with legal sanction, to arbitrarily take as many as we might need from some who could well do without them. In opposition to that, however, I wish to prove that there is an actual shortage of workers and servants here. That can be clearly seen from the agreement that masters in a certain county have mutually arrived at to reduce their requirement of servants – that is to say, not to enter in the register, in which the number of servants of each of them is recorded, as many as they would actually require – in order that other masters (N.B.) should not be left without any. If, after the enrolment of the servants who were everywhere sought out and recorded, no scarcity had been revealed, every master would have been allowed to record under his name as many as he wished to have, but as that is not permitted, there obviously is a shortage.

How, then, should this shortage be remedied and the kingdom be supplied

with as many workers as are needed? We will have to wait a long time for those who are still unborn; what many a master probably thinks is that if no other expedients are possible to redress the shortage, the remedy is likely to come too late. That is what they thought when they drafted § 4 of the resolution of 16351 as well as when they promulgated the ordinance on servants of 1664.2 The same approach was likewise adopted in the era of absolutism, of which the ordinance of 1686 provides incontrovertible evidence. That self-interested principle underwent no change during the so-called Age of Liberty in the drafting of the statute on servants of 1723, but on the contrary it became even more deep-rooted in 1739 and put out new shoots in 1766 in the scheme of the Finance and Trade Committee and is still poised to extend its sway, if that were possible, in the enlightened era of our great and sagacious Gustavus. How, then, should our dearth of population be countered?

Just imagine! If one had established a nursery for workers in the seventeenth century or if in 1739, instead of the statute on servants then issued, one had at least offered them protection, what a large number of servants would not already be available to us from their children and grandchildren, who are now largely absent and make the scarcity more severe as time passes? Sweden is just like a garden in which the gardeners never laboured to produce new saplings from seeds and never established a tree nursery. But that great achievement must indeed have been reserved by Providence for our Great King Gustavus to accomplish, for the happiness of contemporaries and posterity and the expansion and power of Sweden, in the face of every assault of self-interest.

I am not advocating any contrived arrangements; I am not alluding here to the establishment of new children’s homes; I do not intend herewith to recommend any rewards for marriage or children; I speak only in favour of the one small but blessed word Freedom. I believe that nature, in this as in many other respects, left to itself, achieves far more than many artful and ingenious plans with which their inventors promise heaven and earth.


  1. the resolution of 1635: the first so­called Landshövdingsinstruktion (Instruction for county governors) was issued in 1635. It states that the county governor is responsible for the “unemployed and vicious persons” who do not have a master.
  2. the ordinance on servants of 1664: the first statute on servants was passed in 1664 and revised in 1686, 1723 and 1739, the content being basically the same. See the Commentary.

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