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§ 16

In this way, dear reader, I have now tried to persuade you to what extent most of the proposals made so far for a new statute on servants may be in keeping with a true civic liberty or the good of the realm. How far I have been successful in all of this your impartial opinion will decide.

However, a general public that complains about the wilfulness and mischief of the servants is unlikely to be content with my overthrowing the Golden Bull of the masters but believes itself entitled to demand from me a proposal for what in my opinion would be a better ordinance on servants, so that the public may ascertain whether I have been more successful52 in that respect than the earlier proponents. Nor should I deny my fellow citizens that justice, but I should also add in advance that my proposal is exceedingly simple and brief, the entire proposal being as follows: “That, as all the regulations concerning servants that have from time to time been issued cannot be considered as fully upholding the civic liberty rightfully due to Swedish subjects, nor as being conducive to the true purpose, which is the strength and improvement of the realm, His Majesty desires that all of them be, in all respects, repealed and declared void, except as regards the times for giving notice to leave and moving to other employment, which may be retained in future according to existing practice, and that every subject, servant as well as master, be allowed individual freedom to mutually agree, as they think best, either on an annual service contract or day wages, at such a price as they may arrange between themselves.”

Behold! Here is the whole of my proposal, constructed on the foundations of true freedom. It stands all alone, with no support except the freedom on which it rests and a natural balance or reciprocity between masters and servants, without in the least favouring either or oppressing one more than the other.

Away with such a pernicious proposal, most of my readers will probably say. It is bound to put all masters in an extreme quandary, leave them without servants, oblige them to let their properties revert to wilderness or else, in the general disorder that may be caused by it, to sell their53 estates for half their value. I can well imagine that it would be a thunderclap for many masters, especially those who have now been working vigorously to forge new fetters for freedom, but that will not deter me from keeping closely to my conviction. I am already accustomed to such an outcry and have always noticed that aristocratic power is like a boil, or alternatively a precious jewel, and anyone who touches it is always assailed by a fearful roar that the entire kingdom is perishing, which should be interpreted to mean that the aristocrats are losing some of their illegitimate encroachments, whereby the realm and the citizens will recover their rights.

In that case, you say, annual service contracts will cease altogether and a farmer will always have to look for workers every day at an insufferably high day wage. No, dear reader! Annual service contracts freely entered into offer great advantages to servants as well, so that those who are unengaged and unmarried, having tried being unengaged for a year, are quite willing to accept an annual contract the following one. The day wage will indeed now rise to a high level during the busiest working period, when few day labourers are available, but if they increase in numbers, it will fall. The day labourer may indeed seem to receive a high day wage on one occasion, but he has to go without on another and consume his earnings. Workers hired for the year, on the contrary, receive their hiring fee, their working clothes, and so forth; they have free board all the year round, on both Sundays and weekdays, and generally receive a greater abundance of food from their masters than they could afford in their poverty at home, apart from an honest wage, freely negotiated for their year’s work, which all told and in terms of money54 corresponds to a relatively high day wage throughout the year.

One small example may illustrate the matter more clearly: the Crown distilleries1 are now hiring annually contracted hands in Vaasa (Vasa) with individual board, free lodging, firewood and heating and a few months of leave in the summer during the busiest working period, for a sum of around 720 daler kmt in wages and hiring fee, and if one were also to calculate the house rent and firewood in money, it would amount, close to a town where rent and firewood are expensive, to 90 daler, at least with the very stimulating dram of spirits that is likewise provided, which, added to his wage, amounts to 810 daler. Let two summer months of leave then correspond to 50 days of work, during which the hand, at least in our area, can earn himself a day wage of 3 daler 16 öre kmt, which adds another 175 daler to his wage and in combination with the latter constitutes an annual wage of 985 daler kmt all told, a sum that, evenly distributed over 300 working days a year, corresponds to a day wage of almost 3 daler 9 öre for each day throughout the year, which is in itself a high day wage, for if one takes 150 winter days, for which no more than 2 daler 16 öre can be paid, amounting to 375 daler, that annual wage will produce a day wage rising to about 4 daler 2 öre in copper coin for each summer day, which is already an excessive day wage. One nonetheless sees that many workers hand in their notice at the distillery and prefer to accept annual service contracts with other people for freely negotiated annual wages of up to 120 or 150 daler55 kmt a year, with 3 or 4 plåtar as a hiring fee, when they receive board and their usual working clothes.

From this calculation I conclude, first, that a worker hired for day wages is obtained far more cheaply than such annually contracted hands are now employed at the distillery. Second: when hands give up such obvious advantages for annual employment at a wage of 20 or 25 plåtar, with board throughout the year and their working clothes, the advantages of that can hardly be much less, when everything is carefully added up; and, third, that annual service contracts are not as advantageous for masters as it appears to us at first sight and that we should therefore, as masters, not be too afraid of getting the work done with day labourers; if they were to increase in numbers, the day wage would drop considerably, and I assure you that if all the food that the servants consume throughout the year, together with their working clothes and other such things, are carefully reckoned in terms of money, they would constitute a large sum. Yes, you say, they certainly would, so for that reason there should be a tariff, at least for their wages. But, dear reader, what are we to do with tariffs, which are in any case not observed, either by you or by me, when we really need servants, unless we also turn them into bondsmen and deprive them of all their liberty, as will happen with the assignment by lot, and that is again contrary to all civic feeling and love for humanity and will soon bring misfortunes upon our fatherland, as was shown above? Let us therefore for the present accept our lot, which is to pay our servants dearly; that is the natural consequence of their scarcity. We must56 regrettably reap what our forefathers have for centuries sown by their statutes on servants and by that dearness experience the shortage of workers that is a natural consequence of them.


  1. Crown distilleries: in 1775, Gustavus III enacted an ordinance that prohibited home-distilling of hard liquor (brännvin) and instead decreed the establishment of Crown distilleries. See Commentary on Autobiography.
Original language

Tyvärr är detta innehåll inte tillgängligt på svenska

Finnish

§ 16

Näin olen nyt, lukijani, pyrkinyt antamaan sinulle vakuuttavan selvityksen siitä, voivatko useimmat tähän mennessä esitetyt ehdotukset uudeksi palkollissäännöksi olla sopusoinnussa oikean kansalaisvapauden ja valtakunnan edun kanssa. Sinun oikeudenmukaisuutesi arvioitavaksi jää, miten olen tässä kaikessa onnistunut.

Palvelusväen omavaltaisuudesta ja kelvottomuudesta valittava yleisö ei silti varmaankaan tyydy siihen, että olen kumonnut tämän isäntien kultaisen bullan,2 vaan uskoo, että sillä on oikeus vaatia minulta omasta mielestäni parempaa ehdotusta palkollisia koskevaksi järjestyssäännöksi, jotta yleisö saisi selville, olenko onnistunut52 tehtävässä paremmin kuin aiemmat ehdotusten tekijät. En voikaan kieltäytyä vastaamasta tähän maanmiesteni oikeudenmukaiseen vaatimukseen, mutta minun on samalla jo ennakolta sanottava, että ehdotukseni on liiankin yksinkertainen ja lyhyt ja kokonaisuudessaan tällainen: ”Koska on havaittu, ettei mikään eri aikoina julkaistuista palkollisten asemaa koskevista säännöistä täysin vastaa Ruotsin alamaisille kuuluvaa kansalaisvapautta eikä myöskään johda oikeaan tavoitteeseen eli valtakunnan voimistumiseen ja vaurastumiseen, Hänen Kuninkaallinen Majesteettinsa kumoaa ne kaikki kaikilta osiltaan ja julistaa ne pätemättömiksi lukuun ottamatta irtisanomis- ja muuttoaikoja koskevia määräyksiä, jotka voidaan vanhan tavan mukaisina pitää edelleenkin voimassa, ja jättää jokaiselle alamaiselle, niin palvelijalle kuin isännällekin, oikeuden sopia vapaasti keskenään vuosipalveluksesta tai päiväpalkasta sen mukaan, mitä parhaana pitävät, siihen hintaan, josta he voivat keskenään päästä yksimielisyyteen.”

Kas näin! Tässä on nyt koko ehdotukseni, joka on rakennettu aidon vapauden peruspilarin varaan. Se seisoo aivan paljaana, ilman muuta tukea kuin vapaus, jonka perustalla se lepää, sekä isäntien ja palvelijoiden välinen luonnollinen vastavuoroisuus, joka ei suosi kumpaakaan eikä myöskään sorra toista enemmän kuin toistakaan.

Pois tuollainen sangen turmiollinen ehdotus, sanovat varmaankin useimmat lukijoistani. Se saattaisi väistämättä kaikki isännät äärimmäisen epävarmaan asemaan, jättää heidän vaille palvelusväkeä, pakottaa heidät jättämään maatilansa rappeutumaan tai sitten tästä aiheutuvan yleisen sekasorron vallitessa myymään53 kiinteistönsä puoleen niiden arvosta. Voin hyvin kuvitella, että tilanne olisi monille isännille ankara isku, etenkin niille, jotka ovat nyt tehneet ankarasti työtä takoakseen vapaudelle uusia kahleita, mutta tämä ei voi estää minua horjumatta noudattamasta vakaumustani. Olen jo tottunut tuollaisiin huutoihin ja olen aina havainnut, että aristokraattien mahti on kuin paise tai sitten silmäterä: jokaista siihen koskevaa vastaan nousee hirmuinen parku, että koko valtakunta tuhoutuu, mutta tämä on ymmärrettävä siten, että aristokraatit menettävät jotakin luvatta kaappaamistaan epäoikeudenmukaisista eduista, jolloin valtakunnalle ja kansalaisille palautetaan omat oikeutensa.

Sanonet, että silloin vuosipalvelus loppuu kokonaan ja talonpitäjän on sietämättömän korkeata päiväpalkkaa tarjoten päivittäin etsittävä työläisiä palvelukseensa. Eihän toki, hyvä lukijani! Vapaasti sovittavat vuosipalvelukset sisältävät suuria etuja palvelijoillekin, niin että vailla työsuhdetta olevat ja naimattomat ryhtyvät seuraavana vuonna mielellään vuosipalvelukseen saatuaan kokeilla vapautta vuoden verran. Kiireisimpinä aikoina maksettava päiväpalkka varmaan nousee korkeaksi nyt, kun saatavissa on vähän päivätyöläisiä, mutta se laskee, kun heitä tulee enemmän. Päivätyöläinen tuntuu varmaankin saavan suuren päiväpalkan työssä ollessaan, mutta hän joutuu olemaan toisina aikoina ilman palkkaa ja käyttämään saamansa ansiot elatuksekseen. Vuosipalkollinen saa sen sijaan pestuurahansa, työvaatteensa ynnä muuta; hän saa ympäri vuoden niin pyhänä kuin arkenakin syödä isäntänsä pöydässä, jossa tavallisesti on runsaammin ruokaa kuin hänen köyhissä kotioloissaan, ja lisäksi vapaan sopimusoikeuden tuottaman kunniallisen palkan vuoden työpanoksestaan, mikä kaikki yhteensä rahaksi54 arvioituna vastaa kohtalaisen korkeata päiväpalkkaa läpi vuoden.

Asiaa valaissee paremmin pieni esimerkki: Vaasassa toimiviin kruunun viinanpolttimoihin3 palkataan nykyisin vuosipalvelukseen renkejä, jotka hankkivat itse ruokansa, mutta saavat vapaan asunnon, polttopuut ja lämmityksen sekä kesän kiireisimpänä työaikana4 muutamia kuukausia lomaa sekä pestuurahana ja vuoden rahapalkkana noin 720 kuparitaaleria. Jos myös asunnon vuokra ja polttopuut halutaan arvioida rahaksi, tämä summa kohonnee lähellä kaupunkia, jossa vuokrat ovat korkeita ja polttopuut kalliita, 90 taaleriin, ellei muuten niin ainakin sitten, kun mukaan lasketaan siellä tarjottu sangen houkutteleva viinaryyppy. Kun tämä lisätään rahapalkkaan, tulojen kokonaissumma kohoaa 810 taaleriin. Arvioidaan sitten kahden kuukauden kesälomaan sisältyvän 50 työpäivää, jolloin renki voi ainakin meidän kotipaikkakunnallamme ansaita 3 kuparitaalerin ja 16 äyrin päiväpalkan, mikä vielä kasvattaa hänen palkkaansa 175 taalerilla, ja kun tämä summa lisätään edelliseen, vuoden kokonaispalkaksi saadaan 985 kuparitaaleria. Kun tämä summa jaetaan tasan vuoden 300 työpäivälle, saadaan päiväpalkaksi läpi vuoden noin 3 taaleria 9 äyriä, mikä sellaisenaan on korkea päiväpalkka, sillä jos laskuissa otetaan huomioon 150 talvipäivää, joista voidaan maksaa enintään 2 taaleria 16 äyriä eli kaikkiaan 375 taaleria, tästä vuosipalkasta saadaan jokaisen kesäpäivän palkaksi noin 4 taaleria 2 äyriä, mikä on jo suuri päiväpalkka. Silti voidaan todeta, että suuri osa rengeistä irtisanoutuu viinanpolttimon palveluksesta ja pestautuu mieluummin muiden isäntien palvelukseen vapaasti sovituilla 120–15055 kuparitaalerin rahapalkoilla ja 3–4 plootun pestuurahalla, kunhan saavat talon ruoan ja työvaatteet.

Tämän laskelman perusteella päättelen ensinnäkin, että päiväpalkalla pestatun työntekijän voi saada paljon huokeammalla hinnalla kuin viinanpolttimo nykyään maksaa vuosirengeilleen. Toiseksi: kun rengit lähtevät noin tuntuvilta näyttäviä etuja tarjoavasta työpaikasta 20–25 plootun vuosipalkan tarjoavaan paikkaan, jossa he saavat ruoan läpi vuoden sekä työvaatteensa, tämän järjestelmän tarjoamat edut ovat tuskin vähäisempiä, kun kaikki lasketaan tarkoin yhteen. Ja kolmanneksi: vuosipalvelus ei ole isännille niin edullinen ratkaisu kuin ensi näkemältä luulemme eikä meidän siis isäntinä pitäisi liian paljon pelätä töittemme teettämistä päiväpalkkalaisilla. Jos heitä ilmaantuisi enemmän, päiväpalkat alenisivat tuntuvasti, ja vakuutan, että kun kaikki palkollisten vuodessa syömä ruoka sekä heidän työvaatteensa ja muut tuontapaiset edut lasketaan tarkoin yhteen, niistä kertyisi suuri summa. Niinpä niin, saattanet sanoa, juuri niinhän asia on, siksi tarvitaan taksaa, joka ainakin määrää heidän rahapalkkansa. Mutta, parahin lukijani, mitä hyötyä meille on taksoista, emmehän me kumpikaan pidä niistä kiinni, kun välttämättä tarvitsemme väkeä, ellemme sitten samalla alista heitä orjiksi ja riistä heiltä täydellisesti heidän vapauttaan, kuten arvonnassa tapahtuu, ja se taas on täysin vastoin kansalaishenkeä ja ihmisrakkautta ja tuottaa pian onnettomuuksia isänmaallemme, kuten edellä on todistettu. Tyytykäämme siis nykyoloissa osaamme, maksakaamme palkkalaisillemme kallista hintaa, se on luonnollinen seuraus siitä, että heistä on puutetta, Joudumme56 valitettavasti korjaamaan satoa siitä, mitä esi-isämme ovat kokonaisen vuosisadan ajan kylväneet palkollissäännöillään, ja kokemaan palkkojen korkeutena sen työväen puutteen, joka on niiden luonnollinen seuraus.


  1. kultaisen bullan: Alunperin nimitystä käytettiin keskiaikaisista, kultaisella sinetillä sinetöidyistä asiakirjoista. Tässä se viittaa lähinnä siihen, että isäntien valta-asemaa palkollisiin pidettiin ikiaikaisena ja loukkaamattomana oikeutena.
  2. kruunun viinanpolttimoihin: Viinanpoltto oli vuonna 1776 säädetty valtion yksinoikeudeksi. Ympäri valtakuntaa perustettiin kaikkiaan 52 kruununpolttimoa, yksi niistä jo samana vuonna Korsholman kruununtilan maille.
  3. kesän kiireisimpänä työaikana: Työntekijät saivat siis lomaa voidakseen työskennellä kesällä maataloustöissä.

English

§ 16

In this way, dear reader, I have now tried to persuade you to what extent most of the proposals made so far for a new statute on servants may be in keeping with a true civic liberty or the good of the realm. How far I have been successful in all of this your impartial opinion will decide.

However, a general public that complains about the wilfulness and mischief of the servants is unlikely to be content with my overthrowing the Golden Bull of the masters but believes itself entitled to demand from me a proposal for what in my opinion would be a better ordinance on servants, so that the public may ascertain whether I have been more successful52 in that respect than the earlier proponents. Nor should I deny my fellow citizens that justice, but I should also add in advance that my proposal is exceedingly simple and brief, the entire proposal being as follows: “That, as all the regulations concerning servants that have from time to time been issued cannot be considered as fully upholding the civic liberty rightfully due to Swedish subjects, nor as being conducive to the true purpose, which is the strength and improvement of the realm, His Majesty desires that all of them be, in all respects, repealed and declared void, except as regards the times for giving notice to leave and moving to other employment, which may be retained in future according to existing practice, and that every subject, servant as well as master, be allowed individual freedom to mutually agree, as they think best, either on an annual service contract or day wages, at such a price as they may arrange between themselves.”

Behold! Here is the whole of my proposal, constructed on the foundations of true freedom. It stands all alone, with no support except the freedom on which it rests and a natural balance or reciprocity between masters and servants, without in the least favouring either or oppressing one more than the other.

Away with such a pernicious proposal, most of my readers will probably say. It is bound to put all masters in an extreme quandary, leave them without servants, oblige them to let their properties revert to wilderness or else, in the general disorder that may be caused by it, to sell their53 estates for half their value. I can well imagine that it would be a thunderclap for many masters, especially those who have now been working vigorously to forge new fetters for freedom, but that will not deter me from keeping closely to my conviction. I am already accustomed to such an outcry and have always noticed that aristocratic power is like a boil, or alternatively a precious jewel, and anyone who touches it is always assailed by a fearful roar that the entire kingdom is perishing, which should be interpreted to mean that the aristocrats are losing some of their illegitimate encroachments, whereby the realm and the citizens will recover their rights.

In that case, you say, annual service contracts will cease altogether and a farmer will always have to look for workers every day at an insufferably high day wage. No, dear reader! Annual service contracts freely entered into offer great advantages to servants as well, so that those who are unengaged and unmarried, having tried being unengaged for a year, are quite willing to accept an annual contract the following one. The day wage will indeed now rise to a high level during the busiest working period, when few day labourers are available, but if they increase in numbers, it will fall. The day labourer may indeed seem to receive a high day wage on one occasion, but he has to go without on another and consume his earnings. Workers hired for the year, on the contrary, receive their hiring fee, their working clothes, and so forth; they have free board all the year round, on both Sundays and weekdays, and generally receive a greater abundance of food from their masters than they could afford in their poverty at home, apart from an honest wage, freely negotiated for their year’s work, which all told and in terms of money54 corresponds to a relatively high day wage throughout the year.

One small example may illustrate the matter more clearly: the Crown distilleries5 are now hiring annually contracted hands in Vaasa (Vasa) with individual board, free lodging, firewood and heating and a few months of leave in the summer during the busiest working period, for a sum of around 720 daler kmt in wages and hiring fee, and if one were also to calculate the house rent and firewood in money, it would amount, close to a town where rent and firewood are expensive, to 90 daler, at least with the very stimulating dram of spirits that is likewise provided, which, added to his wage, amounts to 810 daler. Let two summer months of leave then correspond to 50 days of work, during which the hand, at least in our area, can earn himself a day wage of 3 daler 16 öre kmt, which adds another 175 daler to his wage and in combination with the latter constitutes an annual wage of 985 daler kmt all told, a sum that, evenly distributed over 300 working days a year, corresponds to a day wage of almost 3 daler 9 öre for each day throughout the year, which is in itself a high day wage, for if one takes 150 winter days, for which no more than 2 daler 16 öre can be paid, amounting to 375 daler, that annual wage will produce a day wage rising to about 4 daler 2 öre in copper coin for each summer day, which is already an excessive day wage. One nonetheless sees that many workers hand in their notice at the distillery and prefer to accept annual service contracts with other people for freely negotiated annual wages of up to 120 or 150 daler55 kmt a year, with 3 or 4 plåtar as a hiring fee, when they receive board and their usual working clothes.

From this calculation I conclude, first, that a worker hired for day wages is obtained far more cheaply than such annually contracted hands are now employed at the distillery. Second: when hands give up such obvious advantages for annual employment at a wage of 20 or 25 plåtar, with board throughout the year and their working clothes, the advantages of that can hardly be much less, when everything is carefully added up; and, third, that annual service contracts are not as advantageous for masters as it appears to us at first sight and that we should therefore, as masters, not be too afraid of getting the work done with day labourers; if they were to increase in numbers, the day wage would drop considerably, and I assure you that if all the food that the servants consume throughout the year, together with their working clothes and other such things, are carefully reckoned in terms of money, they would constitute a large sum. Yes, you say, they certainly would, so for that reason there should be a tariff, at least for their wages. But, dear reader, what are we to do with tariffs, which are in any case not observed, either by you or by me, when we really need servants, unless we also turn them into bondsmen and deprive them of all their liberty, as will happen with the assignment by lot, and that is again contrary to all civic feeling and love for humanity and will soon bring misfortunes upon our fatherland, as was shown above? Let us therefore for the present accept our lot, which is to pay our servants dearly; that is the natural consequence of their scarcity. We must56 regrettably reap what our forefathers have for centuries sown by their statutes on servants and by that dearness experience the shortage of workers that is a natural consequence of them.


  1. Crown distilleries: in 1775, Gustavus III enacted an ordinance that prohibited home-distilling of hard liquor (brännvin) and instead decreed the establishment of Crown distilleries. See Commentary on Autobiography.

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