Kootut teokset | Samlade skrifter | Selected Works
Writing: The Causes of Emigration

The Causes of Emigration, § 5

Previous Section:

Next Section:

Font size: A A A A


Viewing Options:

14

§ 5

We shall now proceed and, in line with our plan, first consult the oldest annals and observe to what extent oppression even then gave rise to emigration and other disorders in societies.

The oldest and truest of them all narrates of the progenitor of God’s people who, at the command of the Highest, settled in the land of Canaan, which was promised as an inheritance to his descendants in the future, that he had to move from there to Egypt, not for the sake of tranquillity or of a change but because he was forced to do so by hunger, as the time was very hard in the land.1

Out of the same necessity his grandson Jacob then moved there with his entire prolific family 212 years later. The Canaanites had developed splendid plantations, so that honey, spices, dates, almonds, balm, wine, oil, etc. etc. were to be found there. But however priceless all that was, the dearness of the times oppressed its inhabitants when there was no more bread. But the Egyptians were already cultivators at that time; their fields were covered with grain while those of the Canaanites were resplendent with splendid and artfully terraced wine, fruit and oil farms. But when famine arose they were glad to give their spices away to Egypt merely for permission to buy food there for themselves.

Had this numerous group enjoyed the freedom in Egypt that it was at first accorded, namely15 to settle down, occupy the land and be supported with food and subsidies for their pastoral settlements, it would within a few centuries have been able to make Egypt feared by the whole world as it then was; but things soon took on quite a different complexion. It was subjected to oppression; their lives were made bitter by bondage and heavy labour with clay and bricks; foremen were placed over them, with the aim of weakening this community, the growth of which attracted the attention of the Egyptians.

The bondage eventually became so severe that it led to murder and tyranny, but that was precisely a sign and cause of its not being sustainable for long, for the more the cries of an oppressed people are violently suppressed, the more dangerous will its eventual eruption be for a society. Tired of an unbearable yoke, the children of Israel themselves thus threw it off, gathered all the most precious of Egypt’s treasures, moved away with them and settled down in freedom under the protection of an Almighty Power.

Carthage, a flourishing state in early times, had not only under its suffetes or annual rulers2 grown in wealth and fame in its own freedom but had also subjected to itself the resources of the entire African coastline and had made extensive inroads in Europe into Spain, Sardinia, Corsica and Sicily, but a case of oppressiveness that in our age would be regarded as quite inconsequential16 almost overthrew all that.

Among the troops in their pay that were fighting against the Romans, discontent arose because their pay was not correctly disbursed, for which reason all 20,000 deserted, which would not, however, have mattered so much in itself had the consequences of that not been even worse.

Carthage, which was arrogant because of its power and wealth, acted tyrannically towards the other African nations. It consumed the produce of the toil of others and burdened them with a double tax, and among the leaders of the people those were most favoured by the government who could extract most revenue, for which reason the oppressed made common cause with the discontented soldiers, renouncing Punic rule and with a force of 100,000 assaulting Carthage itself, which in its extreme distress had to plead for help from its hereditary enemies the Romans, who sought to assist them both with men and mediation, and the city was barely saved from destruction on that occasion through the courage and ingenuity of its loyal Hamilcar.3 Carthage lost Spain largely for the same reason.

Thus, power is misused in free societies to the profit and prosperity of a few and the oppression of other citizens. The Carthaginian republic was free, for it was not subject to an autocrat but was governed by rulers who17 were appointed annually in accordance with the will of the people. But what kind of people was it? It consisted of the inhabitants of the immense commercial city, who regarded all other regions as swarms of bees and their own city as the hive to which they had to deliver all their honey.

Stübelius notes in this regard: Such is the service, he says, that one gets from mercenary soldiers;4 but I would like to know if one should expect more from native-born ones who are not in anyone’s pay.


  1. the time was very hard in the land: the citation is from Genesis 12:10.
  2. Suffetes were the highest officials in many Phoenician cities. In Carthage, two suffetes were elected every year; their position resembled that of the Roman consuls.
  3. Hamilcar Barca (c.275–228 or 229 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman, father of Hannibal and Hasdrubal.
  4. Stübelius notes ... from mercenary soldiers: This refers to Andreas Stübel (also: Stiefel), (1653–1725), a German theologian, pedagogue and philosopher. The citation “Hi sunt fructus militum externorum” is from Cornelius Nepos De excellentibus viris in usum locupletissimum notis perpetuis ad modum Joh. Minellii illustratus a M. Andr. Stübelio, adjunctis fragmentis schottianis & adjecto indice rerum, vocum, & phrasium accuratissimo. Editio nova revisa. Lipsiae: M. G. Weidmann, 1733, p. 294, note 1. There are also several other editions.
Original language

14

§. 5.

Nu gå wi widare och efter wår föresats slå först up de älsta Tide-böcker, och märcka huru wida twång då redan gifwit anledning til utflyttningar och andra oredor i Samhällen.

Den älsta och sannaste af dem alla talar om Stam-fadren för Guds Folck5, som på den Högstas befallning tog sit tilhåll i Canans land, hwilket blef låfwat hans afkomma til arf i framtiden, at han måste flytta derifrån til Ægypten, intet för ro och ombytes skuld, utan nödgad af hunger, medan tiden war ganska hård i landena6.

Af samma nöd twungen flytte hans Sona-son Jacob 212 år derefter med hela sin frugtsamma Familie dit. De Cananer hade slagit sig til dyrbara plantagier, derföre fants der Honing, Krydder, Dadel, Mandel, Balsam, Win, Olja, etc. etc. Men ehuru kåsteligit alt detta war, twingade dyra7 tiden dess Inbyggare, då brödet war borta. Men Ægyptierna woro då redan Åkerbrukare: deras fält woro klädda med säd, då Cananernas prunckade af dyrbara och konstigt afsatta8 Win- Frugt-och Oljo-gårdar. Men då hunger inföll woro dessa glada, at få skäncka bort sina Krydder til Ægypten endast för den friheten at der få köpa sig födan.

Hade denna tal-rika stämman i Ægypten njutit den frihet dem först gafs, nemligen at15 sätta sig ned, taga jorden i besittning, och understödjas med föda och förlag til sina Herda-Nybyggen, så hade den på några Sec­ler kunnat sätta Ægypten til en skräck för hela den tidsens werld: Men sakerna fingo snart helt annat utseende. Hon sattes under twång: deras lefwerne gjordes bittert, genom träldom och swårt arbete, med ler och tegel: man förordnade arbets-fogdar öfwer dem i mening at förswaga denna slägt, hwars tilwäxt gjorde de Ægyptier upmärksamma.

Träldomen wäxte ändteligen så högt, at hon utbrast i mord och tyranni: Men just detta war et förebåd och ordsak dertil, at det intet kunde wara länge; ty ju mera en trykt menighets rop blifwer med wåld dämpad, ju farligare blifwer en gång dess utbråt för et Samhälle. Ledsna wid et odrägeligit ok, skuddade9 altså Israels barn det sjelf ifrån sig, samlade alt det dyrbar­aste af Ægyptiens skatter, flyttade dermed bort och satte sig, fast i skygd af en Allmagts hand i frihet.

Carthago, en i äldre tider florerande Stat, hade under sina Sufes10 eller års Regenter, ej allenast sjelf i sin frihet wuxit i rikedom och anseende, utan ock dragit under sig styrckan af hela Africanska Sjö-kusten, och i Europa gjordt stora inkräktningar i Spanien, Sardinien, Corsica och Sicilien, men et twång, som i wår tid skulle anses för alt för litet bety16dande, hade så när wändt öfwer ända altsammans.

Det upkom hos de i deras såld11 emot de Romare krigande troppar et missnöje, af den orsak at sålden intet blef dem riktigt utbetalt, hwarigenom de alla 20 000 afföllo12, hwilket likwäl i och för sig sjelft intet hade aldeles så mycket at innebära, om intet påfölgderna blifwit deraf mera betydande.

Det för sin magt och rikedom högmodiga Carthago, war en tyran emot de andra Africanska folck-slag: det åt kärnan af andras möda, betungade dem med dubbel skatt, och af folckets Höfdingar stod den bäst hos Regeringen, som kunde utprässa den största ränta, derföre gjorde de undertryckta et med missnögda Soldaterna, i det de afsade Poeniskt Herrawälde, och bestormade sjelfwa Carthago med 100 000 man, som i sin yttersta nöd måste tigga sina Arf-Fiender de Romare om hjelp, hwilka både med manskap och bemedling sökte stå dem bi, och blef Staden genom sin trogna Hamilcars13 mod och påfund med plats14 denna gång räddad från undergång. Spanien gick dem utur händerna, mest för samma orsaks skuld.

Så missbrukas magten i fria samhällen til någras winst och wälmåga, och andra Medborgares förtryck. Carthaginensiska Republiken war fri, ty den stod intet under någon Enwålds Herre, utan styrdes af regenter, som17 årligen blefwo tilsatte efter folckets wilja. Men hwad war det för et folck? Jo det war den ofanteliga Handelsstadens inbyggare, som ansågo alla andra Landskap för biswärmar, och sin stad för ståcken15 dit de måste samla all sin Honung.

Stübelius16 gör härwed den anmärkning: dan nytta, säger han, hafwer man af legda Soldater: men jag wille weta om man af hemfödda utan sold bör wänta mera.


  1. Stam-fadren för Guds Folck: Abraham
  2. tiden war ganska hård i landena: citat ur 1 Mos 12:10
  3. knappa, fattiga
  4. konstigt afsatta: konstgjort eller med stor konstfärdighet anlagda i form av avsatser
  5. kastade
  6. suffeter (lat. suf(f)es), under antiken det högsta ämbetet i många feniciska städer. I Karthago valdes årligen två suffeter vars funktion och ställning liknande de romerska konsulernas.
  7. sold, betalning för krigs- eller militärtjänst
  8. lämnade truppen, sade upp sig
  9. Hamilkar Barkas
  10. med plats: nätt och jämnt
  11. bistocken, platsen där en bisvärm byggt bo
  12. Andreas Stübel (äv. Stiefel), tysk teolog, pedagog och filosof. Citatet ”Hi sunt fructus militum externorum” är taget ur Cornelius Nepos, Cornelius Nepos De excellentibus viris in usum locupletissimum notis perpetuis ad modum Joh. Minellii illustratus a M. Andr. Stübelio, adjunctis fragmentis schottianis & adjecto indice rerum, vocum, & phrasium accuratissimo. Editio nova revisa. Lipsiae [Leipzig] 1733, s. 294, not 1. Det finns många andra utgåvor av samma verk.

Finnish

14

§ 5

Nyt jatkamme eteenpäin, avaamme suunnitelmamme mukaisesti ensin vanhimmat aikakirjat ja panemme merkille, kuinka paljon pakko aiheutti jo silloin muuttoa ja muuta hämminkiä yhteiskunnissa.

Vanhin ja todenmukaisin aikakirjoista kertoo Jumalan kansan kantaisästä17, joka Korkeimman käskystä asettui asumaan Kanaanin maahan. Se luvattiin hänen jälkeläisilleen tulevaisuuden perinnöksi, mutta hän joutui muuttamaan sieltä Egyptiin, ei huvin tai vaihtelun vuoksi, vaan siksi että nälkä pakotti muuttamaan, sillä maassa elettiin melko kovia aikoja18.

Samoin puute pakotti hänen pojanpoikansa Jaakobin 212 vuotta myöhemmin koko hedelmällisen sukunsa kanssa muuttamaan Egyptiin. Kanaanin maan asukkaat olivat tehneet kalliita ja suuria viljelmiä ja siksi maassa oli hunajaa, mausteita, taateleita, manteleita, balsamia, viiniä, öljyä ym. ym. Mutta olipa kaikki tämä miten ihanaa tahansa, tiukat ajat panivat asukkaat lujille, koska leipää ei ollut. Egyptiläiset olivat sen sijaan jo peltoviljelijöitä. Heidän vainionsa olivat viljan peitossa, kun taas kanaanilaisten mailla loistivat arvokkaat ja taidokkaasti pengerretyt viini-, hedelmä- ja öljytilat. Nälän iskiessä Kanaanin maan asukkaat lahjoittivat ilomielin mausteensa egyptiläisille vain sitä vapautta vastaan, että saivat ostaa heiltä ruokaa.

Jos tämä runsaslukuinen kansanheimo olisi saanut nauttia Egyptissä sitä vapautta, joka sille oli aluksi annettu, toisin sanoen,15 jos nämä paimentolaiset olisivat saaneet asettua asumaan, ottaa maata omakseen ja jos heidän uudistilojaan olisi tuettu elintarvikkeilla ja pääomilla, niin heimo olisi muutamassa vuosisadassa voinut tehdä Egyptistä pelon aiheen koko silloiselle maailmalle. Mutta kaikki muuttui pian aivan toiseksi. Kansanheimo joutui pakon alle, orjuus ja raskas savitiilten teko katkeroitti sen elämän, heidän työnsä valvojiksi asetettiin vouteja, jotta tämä heikentäisi sukukuntaa, jonka kasvu huolestutti egyptiläisiä.

Orjuus saavutti lopulta sellaisen asteen, että se kärjistyi murhiksi ja tyranniaksi. Mutta juuri tämä oli enne siitä ja samalla syy siihen, että loppu oli lähellä. On näet niin, että mitä tehokkaammin sorretun rahvaan huuto tukahdutetaan väkivalloin, sitä vaarallisempaa on yhteiskunnalle, kun se kerran purkautuu. Israelin lapset kyllästyivät sietämättömään ikeeseen, riistäytyivät irti, kokosivat Egyptin kalleimmat aarteet, pakenivat ne mukanaan maasta ja astuivat Kaikkivaltiaan varmassa suojeluksessa vapauteen.

Karthago oli muinaisina aikoina kukoistava valtio, se oli kasvanut vapaudessaan sufeettien19 eli vuodeksi valittujen hallitsijoitten alaisina rikkaaksi ja arvostetuksi ja lisäksi koonnut käsiinsä koko Afrikan rannikon voiman sekä tehnyt Euroopassa suuria valloituksia Espanjassa, Sardiniassa, Korsikassa ja Sisiliassa. Kuitenkin pakko, jota meidän aikanamme pidettäisiin vallan liian vähäpätöisenä,16 oli vähällä tehdä kaiken tyhjäksi.

Karthagolaisten palkkaamissa, roomalaisia vastaan sotivissa joukoissa syntyi tyytymättömyyttä, koska sotilaiden palkanmaksua ei suoritettu asian­mukaisesti. Niinpä kaikki 20 000 soturia erosivat, mikä ei olisi sinänsä merkinnyt tavattoman paljon, ellei tällä olisi ollut vakavampia seurauksia.

Karthago oli tullut ylimieliseksi mahdistaan ja rikkaudestaan ja tyrannisoi muita Afrikan kansoja. Se nautti muiden vaivannäön hedelmät, rasitti niitä kaksinkertaisella verolla. Hallituksen korkeimpaan suosioon kansan päälliköistä nousi se, joka osasi kiristää kansaa maksamaan korkeimmat verot, ja siksi sorretut liittoutuivat tyytymättömien sotilaiden kanssa päästäkseen irti puunilaisten herruudesta ja hyökkäsivät 100 000 miehen voimin itse Karthagoa vastaan. Jouduttuaan mitä pahimpaan pinteeseen Karthagon oli kerjättävä apua arkkiviholliseltaan Roomalta ja tämä yritti auttaa sekä lähettämällä miehiä että tarjoutumalla välittäjäksi. Sillä kerralla kaupunki juuri ja juuri pelastui tuholta uskollisen Hamilkarinsa20 rohkeuden ja kekseliäisyyden ansiosta. Espanjan he menettivät lähes samoista syistä.

Näin valtaa käytetään vapaissa yhteiskunnissa väärin, mikä joillekin merkitsee etua ja vaurastumista ja muille kansalaisille sortoa. Karthagon tasavalta oli vapaa, koska se ei ollut minkään yksinvaltiaan alainen, vaan17 kansa valitsi hallitsijan aina vuodeksi kerrallaan. Entä millainen kansa oli? No, he olivat suunnattoman suuren kauppakaupungin asukkaita ja pitivät kaikkien muiden alueiden asukkaita mehiläisparvina, joiden oli koottava hunajaa heidän kaupunkipesäänsä.

Stübel huomauttaa: Siinä nähdään millaista hyötyä on palkkasotilaista21. Itse haluaisin kuitenkin tietää voiko odottaa enemmän oman maan sotilailta, joille ei makseta palkkaa.


  1. Jumalan kansan kantaisästä: Abrahamista
  2. 1. Moos. 12:10, kääntäjän suom.
  3. Sufeetti (lat. suf(f)es) oli korkein virkamies monissa puunilaiskaupungeissa antiikin aikaan. Karthagossa valittiin vuosittain kaksi sufeettia, jotka tehtäviltään ja asemaltaan vastasivat roomalaisia konsuleita.
  4. Hamilkar Barkas
  5. Andreas Stübel (myös: Stiefel) oli saksalainen teologi, pedagogi ja filosofi. Lainaus ”Hi sunt fructus militum externorum” on teoksesta Cornelius Nepos De excellentibus viris in usum locupletissimum notis perpetuis ad modum Joh. Minellii illustratus a M. Andr. Stübelio, adjunctis fragmentis schottianis & adjecto indice rerum, vocum, & phrasium accuratissimo. Editio nova revisa. Lipsiae [Leipzig]: M. G. Weidmann, 1733, s. 294, viite 1. Samasta teoksesta on olemassa lukuisia muita painoksia.

English

14

§ 5

We shall now proceed and, in line with our plan, first consult the oldest annals and observe to what extent oppression even then gave rise to emigration and other disorders in societies.

The oldest and truest of them all narrates of the progenitor of God’s people who, at the command of the Highest, settled in the land of Canaan, which was promised as an inheritance to his descendants in the future, that he had to move from there to Egypt, not for the sake of tranquillity or of a change but because he was forced to do so by hunger, as the time was very hard in the land.22

Out of the same necessity his grandson Jacob then moved there with his entire prolific family 212 years later. The Canaanites had developed splendid plantations, so that honey, spices, dates, almonds, balm, wine, oil, etc. etc. were to be found there. But however priceless all that was, the dearness of the times oppressed its inhabitants when there was no more bread. But the Egyptians were already cultivators at that time; their fields were covered with grain while those of the Canaanites were resplendent with splendid and artfully terraced wine, fruit and oil farms. But when famine arose they were glad to give their spices away to Egypt merely for permission to buy food there for themselves.

Had this numerous group enjoyed the freedom in Egypt that it was at first accorded, namely15 to settle down, occupy the land and be supported with food and subsidies for their pastoral settlements, it would within a few centuries have been able to make Egypt feared by the whole world as it then was; but things soon took on quite a different complexion. It was subjected to oppression; their lives were made bitter by bondage and heavy labour with clay and bricks; foremen were placed over them, with the aim of weakening this community, the growth of which attracted the attention of the Egyptians.

The bondage eventually became so severe that it led to murder and tyranny, but that was precisely a sign and cause of its not being sustainable for long, for the more the cries of an oppressed people are violently suppressed, the more dangerous will its eventual eruption be for a society. Tired of an unbearable yoke, the children of Israel themselves thus threw it off, gathered all the most precious of Egypt’s treasures, moved away with them and settled down in freedom under the protection of an Almighty Power.

Carthage, a flourishing state in early times, had not only under its suffetes or annual rulers23 grown in wealth and fame in its own freedom but had also subjected to itself the resources of the entire African coastline and had made extensive inroads in Europe into Spain, Sardinia, Corsica and Sicily, but a case of oppressiveness that in our age would be regarded as quite inconsequential16 almost overthrew all that.

Among the troops in their pay that were fighting against the Romans, discontent arose because their pay was not correctly disbursed, for which reason all 20,000 deserted, which would not, however, have mattered so much in itself had the consequences of that not been even worse.

Carthage, which was arrogant because of its power and wealth, acted tyrannically towards the other African nations. It consumed the produce of the toil of others and burdened them with a double tax, and among the leaders of the people those were most favoured by the government who could extract most revenue, for which reason the oppressed made common cause with the discontented soldiers, renouncing Punic rule and with a force of 100,000 assaulting Carthage itself, which in its extreme distress had to plead for help from its hereditary enemies the Romans, who sought to assist them both with men and mediation, and the city was barely saved from destruction on that occasion through the courage and ingenuity of its loyal Hamilcar.24 Carthage lost Spain largely for the same reason.

Thus, power is misused in free societies to the profit and prosperity of a few and the oppression of other citizens. The Carthaginian republic was free, for it was not subject to an autocrat but was governed by rulers who17 were appointed annually in accordance with the will of the people. But what kind of people was it? It consisted of the inhabitants of the immense commercial city, who regarded all other regions as swarms of bees and their own city as the hive to which they had to deliver all their honey.

Stübelius notes in this regard: Such is the service, he says, that one gets from mercenary soldiers;25 but I would like to know if one should expect more from native-born ones who are not in anyone’s pay.


  1. the time was very hard in the land: the citation is from Genesis 12:10.
  2. Suffetes were the highest officials in many Phoenician cities. In Carthage, two suffetes were elected every year; their position resembled that of the Roman consuls.
  3. Hamilcar Barca (c.275–228 or 229 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman, father of Hannibal and Hasdrubal.
  4. Stübelius notes ... from mercenary soldiers: This refers to Andreas Stübel (also: Stiefel), (1653–1725), a German theologian, pedagogue and philosopher. The citation “Hi sunt fructus militum externorum” is from Cornelius Nepos De excellentibus viris in usum locupletissimum notis perpetuis ad modum Joh. Minellii illustratus a M. Andr. Stübelio, adjunctis fragmentis schottianis & adjecto indice rerum, vocum, & phrasium accuratissimo. Editio nova revisa. Lipsiae: M. G. Weidmann, 1733, p. 294, note 1. There are also several other editions.

Previous Section:

Next Section:

Places:

Names:

Biblical references:

Subjects: