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§ 9

Now, to take another step forward with our subject. When the statutes on servants of 1723 and 17391 were promulgated, however great were the restrictions then imposed on their natural liberties, they did still retain that of being able at the end of the year to choose a master for the following one in a certain prescribed manner, but efforts are now beginning to be made, with increasing urgency, to limit that remaining small freedom. One constraint always makes another inescapable. It was realized that fixed annual wages could never be effectively established unless the servants also lost the freedom to seek work by themselves.

I recall that the scheme of 17662 already included an enrolment of masters and servants, and the new proposal, which has been put forward in certain counties and is being promoted by a number of people as a boon, stipulates the distribution of servants by lot between masters. The purpose of this, in my view, appears to have been threefold: first, to deter servants from moving, as they would have no freedom to make any plans themselves; second, to obtain servants for those with whom no one would otherwise serve without compulsion; and third, never to have to look for servants, or ever for that reason be placed in the situation of having to negotiate on hiring fees or annual wages but simply be able to follow the tariff established for that purpose by the masters.

Stop again for a moment at this point, dear reader, and consider humankind from the point of view of its natural freedom. What do you think of this blindfold game? I imagine some men of authority sitting at the gambling table and the masters standing around them, most of them worried about whom they might now be taking into their service, with only the ill-tempered one, who had previously been left without, being confident of obtaining some prey by the throw of the dice, but the servants who were changing employment standing outside like flocks of sheep, in trepidation at their unknown fate, being distributed by numbers to their new masters, scarcely otherwise than slaves in the marketplace at Algiers who have to go where fate leads them. Do you not feel sympathy, dear reader, at this spectacle of oppressed humanity? Where is reason in all this? where is consideration? and where, finally, is the fair word Freedom? Everything has been transformed into a game of dice.

But let us consider the matter more calmly. Are not reason and examination the things that endow our species with a nobility that exceeds that of all other creatures? What was the Creator’s purpose with them? Perhaps merely to serve others with them, while we play blind man’s buff with our own welfare? No, but to seek to use them to promote our own true interest, in which serving our neighbour is also a great means, but not our purpose. The master does not tolerate his servant playing blind man’s buff while he is at work, for that demands diligence, care and understanding; how, then, can one have such a hardened conscience as to force the servant to be blind with regard to his own future?

The master, you say, is as much in the dark with regard to the lot as the servant, not knowing whom he will have in his service either, so that it is as much a constraint on the master as on the servant. That is indeed truly the case, and for that reason I also do not understand how the masters can accept it without apprehension, excepting those who are generally notorious for their barbaric treatment of their servants and are therefore seldom or never able to obtain any servant by free choice, and if they do finally obtain one, he will certainly be of the worst kind, whom no master can cope with. For masters of that kind, the lottery is a wonderful thing, by which the non-virtuous is able to share the spoils equally with the virtuous, and that provides the chief incentive for the lottery.

You say: a master will soon come to be regarded as barbaric when he wants to keep the servants to their tasks, when they are not allowed to idle as they wish, and for that one is then not only to be disgraced but also placed in extreme difficulty in running one’s farm. But I reply: when a master conducts his work in an orderly fashion, treats his employees as human beings, retains their love and respect and shows towards them, as towards other people, patience and mildness, he will not acquire such a reputation except from brutes, and they never have any credibility among the general public, only among mockers.

As clearly, therefore, as the lottery deprives virtuous masters and servants of their reasonable advantage of being able to seek each other out, it also at once removes the strongest incentives to virtue in both of them. According to this new plan, the masters have no need to fear that they will be left without employees towards the autumn. Their emotions with regard to their servants will thus become unbridled, on which the freedom of the servants formerly exercised a powerful check, one that is necessary for humanity, and the servants, who will then suddenly have lost every encouragement to diligence and virtue, will become despondent, slavish and desperate. Under this arrangement they will have no encouragement to be diligent, for all their efforts will be merely a duty that does not improve their terms by a hair’s breadth, and their last remaining encouragement, that of at least being allowed to look for a virtuous master, will finally be removed from them here, while the lazy and dissolute one will be able to secure by insistent demands the same advantages as the willing one, unless the discretion of the master is to be restored, on the grounds that the master can reward his servant according to his deserts, in which case the prescribed wage will take a quite different form, namely that the most the master has to pay the servants is the wage prescribed in the tariff, though he may well pay less than that, as little as he pleases, on the grounds that the servant does not deserve more, and then the oppression will be doubled. Apart from that, it is not worth the trouble to be faithful and diligent. The lot determines his fate, and blind fate will forcibly stifle his desire for blessedness.

From such heavily oppressed souls one cannot expect any civic virtue, when the rod must become almost the sole motive force for their diligence and loyalty, in the same way as the methods applied to the dumb animals. You say: and there is unfortunately no morality among them. I answer: nor can it exist where every reason for it has so manifestly been removed.


  1. statutes on servants of 1723 and 1739: see the Commentary, pp. 313–14. LINKKI
  2. the scheme of 1766: see § 2, note 1

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