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§ 7

Let us now follow nature further and consider to what extent certain legally prescribed annual wages for servants are compatible with the general rights of mankind.

When it comes to precedents in this respect in most of the states of Europe, I am certain that I have more opposed to me than on my side: I am drowning in nothing but regulations and tariffs everywhere, and aristocratic propositions have won such widespread acceptance among us that we scarcely believe the world could survive without them, still less any societies within it, and one only has to give certain groups of people and guilds the privilege of being able to harm their fellow citizens in order to make regulations and tariffs absolutely necessary if people are not to devour each other. Nor would I have been surprised had one established certain annual wages if the servants had constituted a particular guild, with the privilege of working only under their guild masters, so that none except them were allowed to hire themselves out, although in that case, too, I would not think tariffs advisable but the removal of the causes that necessitate them. But as the servants are almost the most defenceless of all, humanity demands of us that we protect their rights.

Nature makes them exactly the same as us at birth: their body posture when they at first lie in their cradle is identical with ours, their souls are just as rational as those of other people, which makes it obvious that nature’s Lord has also accorded them the same rights that other people enjoy. Apart from security of life, the next is undoubtedly the one that protects our property, or the means whereby life is sustained. Our fundamental laws have also, without any exception or qualification, defended these in respect of all legally blameless subjects. The servants must therefore also enjoy them to the same extent as other subjects in the kingdom. Where that does not happen, the right of nature has been violated and they have been deprived of their freedom.

A farmer is entitled to dispose of his property and to seek the highest price for his goods, and likewise the merchant, and a public official is legally entitled to let his tenant farmers take their rent-paying produce to whichever town within the local jurisdiction it will command the best price in, so why should the poor man, or the property of the humblest worker, be subject to tariffs and tutelage? The freedom and ability to work is his only property; if the laws ascribe a specific value to this, then he has lost the freedom that other inhabitants of Sweden enjoy.

That could happen, the reader will argue, if the wages were set at too low a level, but when they are established by law at a fair level and rather as high as possible, their freedom cannot suffer from that. But to that I reply: the freedom to personally dispose over one’s property is in any case lost with prescribed wages, and that loss is in itself great enough, however highly it may otherwise be praised. Let us see, however, what advantages and fairness one may then expect in regard to the wages themselves. We would be excessively naive when saying or writing anything about human rights if we based our conclusions on the fine words of the laws and on the goodwill and conscience of our ancient legislators. Self-interest, partiality and ignorance inevitably underlie most economic laws, and it is with reference to these that their fairness or unfairness may also best be judged.

In each county, tariffs have been established with regard to what hired workers or servants may receive in annual hiring fees, clothing and wages, and the statute on servants of 1739, article 5, § 3 states expressly: Should a master, under any pretext whatsoever, promise or pay, or hired workers demand and obtain, more in hire and wages, they shall both be liable to a fine of 20 daler smt, payable in full to the informer.

If we wish to correctly assess the fairness of this, we must first note the identity of those who have enacted these tariffs. The servants have not been consulted on the matter, still less has their opinion had any influence on it, and least of all have they been able to foresee various events in the future. Who, then, have instituted these laws? None other than the masters themselves. When we then consider that masters and servants have diametrically opposed interests in this regard, namely the master to obtain servants as cheaply as possible and the servant to obtain the highest price for his labour, it is not hard to understand whose advantage such tariffs have served. You object: the masters or legislators have most likely adopted a middle way, so that neither party suffers; such fairness has after all been demanded of the county governors and other officials who have drawn up these tariffs; but I answer: one cannot reasonably expect such fairness, still less presuppose it, as the matter essentially involves nothing else than awarding or depriving oneself of several hundred daler a year by means of such a tariff.

Ought such arbitrariness to be tolerated, then, you may be thinking, so that

the servants will be able to raise their wages as much as they wish? Why do you call it arbitrariness? In that case your freedom to independently set a price on your commodity should also be called arbitrariness, and as unwilling as you are to lose that, so little should you also resent that the servants possess it. It is precisely the same with the wages of servants as with all other commerce, if both are free: where there is an abundant supply of some commodity and there are few buyers, the commodity will inevitably fall below its cost price; if there is an abundant supply of workers and few who need them or see any chance of profiting from their labour, day wages and annual wages will fall. But if there are many buyers and few commodities, their price rises and that increase procures a more abundant supply of them, as acquisitiveness brings them there far more quickly than a royal decree, and a shortage of workers, together with greater prospects of profiting from them, raises the day wage, remunerations and annual wages, because of which people are again tempted to earn money and are drawn there from other regions, where there is less profit and enterprise, by which a further increase is again checked.

But higher wages, after all, make the servants arrogant and luxurious, and in their arrogance they fall into debauchery and other vices, all of which would be avoided if they were instructed by the laws to live peaceably and modestly. My response is: luxuriousness is a natural result of wealth and prosperity, both among them and among us, but as little as we would put up with any obstruction by the governing authorities of our own progress and prosperity, so ill-advised and self-interested are also the barriers that we wish to set to the progress of these most humble workers, especially as their luxuriousness will, in any event, never equal ours. And it is quite certain that if they had their natural freedom, married and brought up children, all superfluity and the consequent luxuriousness would soon disappear, as they would willingly use their possessions to rear workers for us and our descendants. But with regard to their vices and debauchery, I fear that among a hundred masters there are more depraved ones than among as many servants, and that where, for example, one in ten of the depraved individuals among the servants incur penalties for their vices, barely one in a hundred of the masters, or at least those of higher rank and officials, will find themselves in that position. Is it not then a shame, is it not a manifest injustice, to deprive them of their freedom to improve themselves, merely because of the opportunities that will arise for them to commit offences in the process?

 

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