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§ 6

But that which makes forced annual service contracts particularly incompatible with the freedom that nature has vouchsafed them is that workers, precisely through them, are deterred and prevented from conforming to the Creator’s own arrangement and the natural instinct to marry.

We are not speaking on this occasion of the harm caused to the kingdom by this constraint. Further on we shall examine that matter more closely, but now the only question is whether a law can be founded on natural equity that places obstacles in the way of nature’s tenderest inclination and one that sustains our world. The statute on servants, you say, does not forbid marriage between servants? But, I answer, the designation vagabonds and vagrants does so by the injunction that such people, together with cottars, are not to be tolerated in Sweden. When a farmhand and a maid marry while in service, they generally lose some of the esteem in which they were previously held by their master and mistress. If their masters can find other servants, they will give them notice to quit at the latest by the following moving day, and no one wishes to employ them any more, except in cases of extreme necessity. These wretches are then left without a fatherland: according to the law, such people are not to be tolerated in Sweden: they are not allowed to live in one place, they are not allowed to wander around the country like tinkers. Someone may perhaps wish to employ the husband, but then he has to separate from his wife, who has no place of abode, often in the most troublesome circumstances. Will not that prevent marriages?

When birds mate, they immediately begin to jointly build their nest and take care of their brood. The propagation of their species tolerates not the slightest constraint: if anyone touches the nest and merely handles the eggs, they will desert it, or even if they do hatch them out, most of that brood will be lost. But if they are allowed to nest freely and in accord with nature, they will produce flocks of their species, which form a small society or household in themselves until they have grown to adulthood and move apart from one another. How, then, can the human species prosper under constraint? We count, we calculate, we decree, we regulate everything, as it is said, for the propagation of our species, but with all that our species melts away, and instead of inhabitants on earth we have a few figures on paper suggesting great possibilities, all of which, however, lack life and motion.

Which servants will then, under such harsh conditions, dare to think of marriage? Nothing but rash responses to the natural inclination may unintentionally lead them to take such decisions, which they soon regret and which are accompanied by so many difficulties.

A further objection to this is that, although the statute on servants bans cottars, there are other regulations that do allow and protect them. In addition, the authorities have, by granting remission of personal taxes to those who have several children, tried to encourage marriage, as it were by bounties, so that there should be no reason to complain on that score. But see, dear reader, how chaotic our political arrangements are: at one time a hunt is organized for them and they are turned into outlaws and lose their civic rights; at another time they are protected, and just when they have been granted protection and been allowed to settle down for a while, we decide to raise a hue and cry after them; and a little later we are again great patriots who take up their cause and arrange for them to receive bounties for their children. What kind of system is there in all this? And for that reason we have regulations for everything we wish and that we think will best suit every individual situation: if we want to liberate them, we take a letter of emancipation from one shelf in the archive of regulations and set them free, but if we think the circumstances require servants for ourselves or our friends, we take a whole bundle of condemnations of vagrants, idlers, etc. from another shelf and mobilize all the officers of the crown to force them into annual service. This inevitably leads to one county governor, who happens to lay his hands on the vagrancy bundle, going hunting in his county and the masters for the moment obtaining great hauls of servants, while the others have hit upon the letter of emancipation and, given the current scarcity, establish nurseries of people for later generations. What a muddle all this is, leading to a different administration in each county within one and the same kingdom and under one and the same mild ruler and identical laws. Whereas a law guaranteeing security from oppression for workers, one that for ever abolishes all constraints on their liberties and provides them in return with no other advantages, no bounties, than those the Lord of nature has granted them at birth, to be free inhabitants of the earth, with permission and security to take care of themselves and their families, marry and dwell on earth, is the only measure that will do everything that can and ought to be done in this regard and removes the weapons from the hands of their oppressors.

 

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