Previous Section: The Natural Rights of Masters and Servants, § 15
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§ 16
In this way, dear reader, I have now tried to persuade you to what extent most of the proposals made so far for a new statute on servants may be in keeping with a true civic liberty or the good of the realm. How far I have been successful in all of this your impartial opinion will decide.
However, a general public that complains about the wilfulness and mischief of the servants is unlikely to be content with my overthrowing the Golden Bull of the masters but believes itself entitled to demand from me a proposal for what in my opinion would be a better ordinance on servants, so that the public may ascertain whether I have been more successful
in that respect than the earlier proponents. Nor should I deny my fellow citizens that justice, but I should also add in advance that my proposal is exceedingly simple and brief, the entire proposal being as follows: “That, as all the regulations concerning servants that have from time to time been issued cannot be considered as fully upholding the civic liberty rightfully due to Swedish subjects, nor as being conducive to the true purpose, which is the strength and improvement of the realm, His Majesty desires that all of them be, in all respects, repealed and declared void, except as regards the times for giving notice to leave and moving to other employment, which may be retained in future according to existing practice, and that every subject, servant as well as master, be allowed individual freedom to mutually agree, as they think best, either on an annual service contract or day wages, at such a price as they may arrange between themselves.”Behold! Here is the whole of my proposal, constructed on the foundations of true freedom. It stands all alone, with no support except the freedom on which it rests and a natural balance or reciprocity between masters and servants, without in the least favouring either or oppressing one more than the other.
Away with such a pernicious proposal, most of my readers will probably say. It is bound to put all masters in an extreme quandary, leave them without servants, oblige them to let their properties revert to wilderness or else, in the general disorder that may be caused by it, to sell their
estates for half their value. I can well imagine that it would be a thunderclap for many masters, especially those who have now been working vigorously to forge new fetters for freedom, but that will not deter me from keeping closely to my conviction. I am already accustomed to such an outcry and have always noticed that aristocratic power is like a boil, or alternatively a precious jewel, and anyone who touches it is always assailed by a fearful roar that the entire kingdom is perishing, which should be interpreted to mean that the aristocrats are losing some of their illegitimate encroachments, whereby the realm and the citizens will recover their rights.In that case, you say, annual service contracts will cease altogether and a farmer will always have to look for workers every day at an insufferably high day wage. No, dear reader! Annual service contracts freely entered into offer great advantages to servants as well, so that those who are unengaged and unmarried, having tried being unengaged for a year, are quite willing to accept an annual contract the following one. The day wage will indeed now rise to a high level during the busiest working period, when few day labourers are available, but if they increase in numbers, it will fall. The day labourer may indeed seem to receive a high day wage on one occasion, but he has to go without on another and consume his earnings. Workers hired for the year, on the contrary, receive their hiring fee, their working clothes, and so forth; they have free board all the year round, on both Sundays and weekdays, and generally receive a greater abundance of food from their masters than they could afford in their poverty at home, apart from an honest wage, freely negotiated for their year’s work, which all told and in terms of money
corresponds to a relatively high day wage throughout the year.One small example may illustrate the matter more clearly: the Crown distilleries1 are now hiring annually contracted hands in Vaasa (Vasa) with individual board, free lodging, firewood and heating and a few months of leave in the summer during the busiest working period, for a sum of around 720 daler kmt in wages and hiring fee, and if one were also to calculate the house rent and firewood in money, it would amount, close to a town where rent and firewood are expensive, to 90 daler, at least with the very stimulating dram of spirits that is likewise provided, which, added to his wage, amounts to 810 daler. Let two summer months of leave then correspond to 50 days of work, during which the hand, at least in our area, can earn himself a day wage of 3 daler 16 öre kmt, which adds another 175 daler to his wage and in combination with the latter constitutes an annual wage of 985 daler kmt all told, a sum that, evenly distributed over 300 working days a year, corresponds to a day wage of almost 3 daler 9 öre for each day throughout the year, which is in itself a high day wage, for if one takes 150 winter days, for which no more than 2 daler 16 öre can be paid, amounting to 375 daler, that annual wage will produce a day wage rising to about 4 daler 2 öre in copper coin for each summer day, which is already an excessive day wage. One nonetheless sees that many workers hand in their notice at the distillery and prefer to accept annual service contracts with other people for freely negotiated annual wages of up to 120 or 150 daler kmt a year, with 3 or 4 plåtar as a hiring fee, when they receive board and their usual working clothes.
From this calculation I conclude, first, that a worker hired for day wages is obtained far more cheaply than such annually contracted hands are now employed at the distillery. Second: when hands give up such obvious advantages for annual employment at a wage of 20 or 25 plåtar, with board throughout the year and their working clothes, the advantages of that can hardly be much less, when everything is carefully added up; and, third, that annual service contracts are not as advantageous for masters as it appears to us at first sight and that we should therefore, as masters, not be too afraid of getting the work done with day labourers; if they were to increase in numbers, the day wage would drop considerably, and I assure you that if all the food that the servants consume throughout the year, together with their working clothes and other such things, are carefully reckoned in terms of money, they would constitute a large sum. Yes, you say, they certainly would, so for that reason there should be a tariff, at least for their wages. But, dear reader, what are we to do with tariffs, which are in any case not observed, either by you or by me, when we really need servants, unless we also turn them into bondsmen and deprive them of all their liberty, as will happen with the assignment by lot, and that is again contrary to all civic feeling and love for humanity and will soon bring misfortunes upon our fatherland, as was shown above? Let us therefore for the present accept our lot, which is to pay our servants dearly; that is the natural consequence of their scarcity. We must
regrettably reap what our forefathers have for centuries sown by their statutes on servants and by that dearness experience the shortage of workers that is a natural consequence of them.
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Places: Sweden Vaasa (Vasa)
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