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§ 15

It should in no way be a secret that the previous statute on servants of 1739 has for most purposes in practice become a dead letter now in most parts of the kingdom. But although I regard the breaches of the law as being of more advantage than harm to the realm, a true citizen cannot observe such transgressions of a clearly formulated law with complete equanimity, considering their effect on the nation’s morals and opinions.

This law is for most purposes quite clear and comprehensible to the simplest citizens; nor can they generally have any other notion of crimes than that they consist in transgression of the laws, while one cannot expect them to differentiate between good and bad, useful and useless laws – a distinction that ought not even to exist in a well­ordered society. What happens then? They become aware that the most virtuous citizen, the most conscientious official, the truest Christian every year quite openly commits offences against this statute with impunity. I ask, what notion could our general public then have of crime and punishment? What ideas of virtue and of obedience to the laws will we be able to implant among the common people? And how much of either can we expect from them? And what crimes would they commit if they were to be made aware from such precedents how liable they are to penalties? When transgressions become unavoidable and are consequently not always followed by condign punishment, penalties will come to seem like persecution.

I cannot express how much this has troubled me as a clergyman, on whom it is incumbent to impress on my congregation not only a deep veneration for the authorities as such but also unqualified obedience to the laws of the realm, and how much it has distressed me, as a citizen, not only, despite the most sincere zeal for King and country, to be a transgressor of our laws but also to provide examples of law-breaking to my congregation and fellow citizens.

I have always wondered at the proficiency of almost everyone, especially under the former constitution,1 in reshaping laws and issuing new ones, often in response to a particular event, and not infrequently in complete contradiction to each other, of which not one-tenth of the subjects of the kingdom could be aware and which not one in a hundred observed. Answer me then, dear reader, what veneration can subjects have for such laws, and what law-abidingness may one expect where numerous obstacles prevent their observance? Where royal decrees are daily infringed, the general public loses all respect even for the most necessary and salutary ones and believes itself to be equally entitled to transgress against everything, whereby all morality must disappear among the citizens. A lamentable condition for a kingdom!

The harm caused to the realm by such breaches of the law becomes all the greater and more significant the longer they occur. Several such transgressions turn law-breaking into a habit and have the effect of making the inhabitants of the kingdom lawless and unbridled, so that neither laws nor barriers can curb them. The meekest of lambs, having in their earliest years become gradually accustomed to leaping over enclosures, soon become habitually the worst fencejumpers and most troublesome animals, whom no enclosures can any longer restrain. In the same way, our numerous laws, on which the aristocratic power has probably already been labouring for several centuries, have regrettably transformed the docile Swedish people into unrestrained transgressors of the laws.


  1. the former constitution: refers to the constitution during the Age of Liberty, 1719–1772.

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