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§ 1

In an age when great new discoveries are made in every realm of nature, when sciences are developed to an unusual degree, when intellectual and literary talents are promoted and art produces virtual marvels compared to former times, it is disconcerting that the most valuable of all, the rights of mankind, are neglected.

We ought not to deny that our age has also produced brilliant individuals who have raised themselves above the miasma of ignorance and self-interest that envelops the majority of our species and have seen and defended our general rights from a longer perspective, without prejudices and in a wider context, but oh! how few they are, and how little they have convinced their fellow men and those who have a common interest in the increase and improvement of mankind and moreover possess the ability to bring happiness to millions!

The argument here is about nothing less than the fundamental principles of the happiness of humankind. The moralists of our age have not yet arrived at a general consensus about these; still less have they been able to convey them to others and make them generally known. I do not deny that the general good has probably been the common aim of them all, but the means that they propose for achieving it directly contradict one another.

There are few who speak up for civic liberty, though most of them bear the leaf of liberty in their mouths, and the few who proceed along that path and regard human rights as the property of humankind in general are regarded by most people as defenders of licentiousness and as political free-thinkers. Others do, indeed, talk much about liberty but understand by that the liberties of certain groups of people or individuals and forget the most humble, who have not been fortunate enough to find their way inside the others’ entrenchments but must naturally, the more those entrenchments are extended for the rest, become all the more crowded and pressed for space on our globe.

But then there are also those who can barely stand the name of liberty but conclude from the natural indiscipline of humankind, of which people in their wilfulness constantly provide the most deplorable tokens, how important it must be to regulate everything by legislation, down to the smallest details of their activities. They appear to believe that the Almighty was incapable of establishing humankind on earth with the ability to survive, multiply itself and live on earth unless they were to maintain the economic life of our species by means of privileges, guild regulations, bounties, overseers and bailiffs. For that purpose they toil with great care, write volume after volume about order, supervision and duty in the economic sphere; they stealthily lay their proposals before princes, in which they interpret small inconveniences as mortal dangers and the want of an extravagant profit for some prominent citizens as the ruin of society as a whole. They offer their services to princes and show how a state that in their view is facing imminent collapse may be preserved from ruin by means of new regulations and more order and supervision. Nor should one conceal the fact that there are some proposers of schemes among us who are extremely short-sighted, who simply dig around themselves as far as they can, like the mole, and regard the public sphere as fortunate enough as long as they themselves are able to extend their rights.

Given these circumstances, and as various reasons are advanced for the growth and continuance of the realm and the happiness of our species, it is not surprising that rulers, even in the more enlightened part of the world, fumble in the dark and, with the greatest zeal for the good of their realm, often pull down with one hand what they build up with the other. And the greatest of them, who really have raised themselves above vulgar prejudices and have reached the perfect state of loving people in general and endeavour to gain their affection, will confront almost insuperable obstacles in actually accomplishing that. Where will a ruler find advisers of such elevated, such noble opinions? If he does obtain them, then the powerful, whose interests are opposed to those of the general public, will endeavour to deprive him of those supports, by means of corruption or guile. Should he wish to suddenly remove the yoke of bondage from his subjects, he will often, even in absolute monarchies, be powerless to carry that into effect; should he do so gradually, his good intentions will be worn down by the complaints of those who regard themselves as unfortunate when they have lost their authority over the humbler ones and inwardly resent seeing those living free and contented whom they had regarded as born to toil for their desires, and at every step new obstacles will be placed in his way. Why, then, should one be surprised that so few princes accomplish such a great aim? That requires the most thorough belief in the foundations of the happiness of a people; it requires a natural energy and hardiness in order to overcome all the difficulties, but it also, finally, requires a penetrating genius, a fire, an unquenchable desire to serve people and strive for the true honour of princes, which by no means consists in laurels drenched in human blood or incursions into regions whose inhabitants have fallen on their borders, in defence of their former ruler’s dominion over themselves, but in protecting the inhabitants of the earth from violence by their fellow beings, which entitles them to be rightfully reckoned among the gods on earth. This fire alone is what can make them indefatigable in labouring for such great aims.

But it is the duty of us who are subjects and are well intentioned towards our native land, it is our duty, I say, to draw forth from their secret places the fundamental principles of human happiness by means of publications pro and contra, if not to inform princes, then at least to mutually convince ourselves of the proper means of achieving that, so that, when the rulers adopt them, we will then be accustomed to high-minded ways of thinking and zealous to labour among the unthinking masses to persuade them of the purpose and effect of such measures.

With that innocent intention I have also taken up the pen on this occasion: the liberty of the most humble people has become the topic of my inquiry. I cannot speak on my own behalf in this matter, as I myself require 12 or 13 legally hired servants from year to year and ought therefore rather to play the same tune as a large proportion of other masters, but I would hold myself unworthy to be a subject of Gustavus III should I, against my own conviction, say nothing about the rights of the most humble, just as I willingly excuse those who from a lack of conviction attempt to stifle the small spark of liberty that the servants may still enjoy. Kind reader! Seek the truth and do not desist until you find and follow it.

 

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