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§ 11

But where are we to rediscover fundamental truths on which to base our proofs when, in truth, there are few things in politicis1 that are not debated pro et contra? Ah, yes! I believe the truth may be accepted without proofs by all who understand political science that the true strength of a kingdom lies in the number of its working inhabitants. This proposition is also consistent with the genuine advantage of the masters, for when there is an abundance of workers there is always a way of getting the work done, but if they are not there or there are few of them, the work must of necessity be left either entirely undone or at least some part of it, so that those measures that increase the number of workers must also be the most useful ones for the kingdom and for its inhabitants generally, whereas, on the contrary, those measures are harmful that to a greater or lesser degree contribute to a diminution of workers. It therefore only remains to ask: how should those measures then be framed that serve or detract from such a high purpose?

As incontrovertible as it is that human beings naturally love freedom, so infallible is also the consequence that the more the laws promote and favour that freedom, the more will inhabitants assemble together to enjoy it, and, contrariwise, the more that freedom is restricted, the more will people flee such troubled regions. Reason must prove me right in this, and the slightest understanding of our own feelings will reveal these truths, and incontrovertible experience speaks volumes on this subject. Dumb animals, created for far less freedom than we were, nonetheless yearn for it: they flee localities where they are frequently hunted but flock together in large numbers in protected places. Human beings, the noblest inhabitants of the earth, relatively quickly filled the earth with people in their state of freedom, but constraints have harmed them so much that large regions are still left uninhabited after 4,000 years of occupation. Who will not agree that the freedom of residence has filled Brandenburg2 with people and that Spanish inquisitions have denuded Spain of inhabitants? Truths that no person with common sense can call in question.

On this occasion the topic is not to show to what extent our laws generally or a number of them, in the name of promoting orderliness in our economic activities, lead to the destruction of the freedoms of the people and thereby to the ruin of the kingdom, matters that are well worth the attention of those in power but are regrettably so little investigated that mistakes are inevitable in almost every sphere. The statute on servants with the proposed additions to it will on this occasion be the sole subject of our inquiry, as to how far it is fully compatible, as many assert, with the true interest of the kingdom and its inhabitants or whether it is wholly opposed to it.

The matter does not require extensive investigation; it must be manifest from the foundations already laid. If there is anything in the statute on servants that makes the inhabitants of the kingdom into outlaws and fugitives, then it is obvious that it drives our workers away from the kingdom and is consequently in conflict with the chief interest of the realm. Let us listen again to article 1, § 1: No vagrants, vagabonds, idlers or dependent lodgers ought be tolerated in our country and our realm, either in the towns or in the countryside. Let us imagine all the officials of the Crown set to work under § 5 of the same article to seek out, seize and place them in service with masters, in military or naval service and in hard labour in fortresses and female penitentiaries; what anxiety and restlessness must that not cause among our workers? They seek shelter, they hide away, they live in fear in their cabins and look for some refuge on earth where they can earn a living for themselves in tranquillity.

Since earlier times, rulers have had the sense to amnesty those of their soldiers who have abandoned their posts and would otherwise, under the Articles of War, have forfeited their lives, in order to lure them back into the kingdom; but as yet no proclamation of amnesty has been issued in Sweden for legally blameless workers to live freely within the borders of Sweden; and what increase in inhabitants can one expect here, what accession of strength to the kingdom, what supply of workers, when this still remains undone among us?

Someone might wish to argue against me, I who talk so much about freedom, that as long as human beings were in their natural state, without societies, they were also entitled to such an extensive and, as it is called, lawless freedom, but as soon as one enters into social relations with other people, under a governing authority, one must of necessity surrender some of one’s natural rights and submit to the laws of that society, and thus obedience to the laws cannot be termed constraint or bondage. I answer: that is correct, though with the qualification that, as the same amount of natural freedom does not have to be lost in every centralized society in the world, but more in one and less in another, as experience clearly shows, it is obvious that the most fortunate society must be the one in which the loss of natural freedom is the smallest, for people are drawn there in the greatest numbers, there they live most contentedly, and there the kingdom grows in strength as far as is possible, whereas, on the other hand, the more we must lose of our natural rights, the more constrainedly we enter into such associations, the more discontented will we be there and the sooner will we move away from there to another society, where there is more freedom.

But how much of the natural freedom has to be lost by subjects in order to ensure the successful continuance of a society is a question of the greatest importance to princes who wish to earn themselves a truly high reputation among people and make them pleased with their rule. I do not know whether it has been fully answered and elucidated by our great and philanthropic intellectuals. How, then, are rulers to guard against the greatest errors with regard to the rights of our species? All constraints that violate the latter will infallibly bring misfortunes on the kingdom and the citizens.

But as regards the freedom to reside and support oneself by one’s labour, it is the first and most precious right of nature, most solemnly guaranteed in our fundamental laws, and therefore cannot be questioned in this context. We complain about emigration, which is also deplorable, but we have not yet placed the letters of emancipation of nature and our constitution in the hands of our fugitive workers in order to keep them here.

Is it any surprise that a perennial chasing around and hunting for workers has over long periods of time denuded us of people and provoked a general outcry over shortages and dearness? But it is even stranger that our legislators have considered the only remedy for those shortages to be the organization of even stricter hunts and harsher confinements, just as if, having fished out a small lake, one thought the correct remedy were to fish more often, as long as there was a single fish there, when there might be a real danger of losing the entire stock.


  1. in politicis: in or on politics.
  2. . . . freedom of residence has filled Brandenburg: during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, monarchs in Brandenburg-Prussia were generally inclined to encourage immigration of economically productive elements, particularly peasants, into the more backward and underpopulated areas of the state, especially after the Thirty Years War. Alongside this, Frederick II (“the Great”, 1712–86) established religious tolerance, which made it possible for other worshippers to reside in Brandenburg, and particularly in Berlin. Frederick was an enlightened monarch who combined paternalism with liberal reforms such as freedom of the press, religious tolerance, individual protection against the law, including the abolition of torture, and making death sentences legal only with his personal sanction.

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