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Writing: The Causes of Emigration

The Causes of Emigration, § 7

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§ 7

But I have no more time to follow my Romans to their ultimate ruin. There are more recent events that provide evidence for my case.

Spain, which was populous in ancient times and in the time of Julius Caesar could reckon its population at 15 million but is now, on the contrary, a land destitute of people and commodities, should especially engage our attention.

Montesquieu lays the blame on the amalgamation of the many small polities into a single state, but in my opinion the union was not the cause of that but rather its consequence, and I believe that two things in particular are responsible for its present lack of population, namely a variety of constraints at home and the hope of making money hand over fist in America.

In extensive countries their main resources are generally concentrated in and around the capital, which often regards itself as constituting the country and views other provinces with disdain. It has most opportunity and the best chance of obtaining from the Sovereign Power legislation that will benefit it in particular, but as that is seldom possible without detriment to the more distant provinces, they generally languish in servitude, powerlessness and contempt, and there is then no way of saving such provinces from dereliction and its inhabitants from emigration.

The provinces of the Netherlands, wealthy and powerful thanks to their commerce, which fell to Spain by inheritance, were reasonably satisfied with the regime as long as they were allowed to retain their freedom under its rule, but that did not last for long. They were subjected to constraint in their administration: the Council of State1 was abolished; commercial constraint: their commodities were charged with an impost of one-tenth of their overall value; constraint in their budget: several new bishops were imposed on them, who had to be paid for out of it; judicial oppression: for their cries went unheard, and the suppliants were brutally turned away with their petitions; religious oppression: none were allowed to profess themselves of the Protestant faith; oppression in what was most dear to them, namely life, for thousands of them had to lay their necks on the block erected for them by the Duke of Alba and submit to being murdered by the soldiers.2

Imagine how many thousands abandoned a wretched fatherland during that time, apart from those who died at home.

It was strange how these provinces endured for so long a bloodbath that continued for many years and, so to speak, offered to serve such a tyrannical regime if only they would be granted some relief; on the other hand, however, their vulnerability was the main reason for that.

Yet it was impossible for that to last very long. The Spaniards had to turn their weapons against those whose brethren they had previously slaughtered unopposed when they finally renounced their allegiance to Spain in 1581; and the strength possessed by a small province when it is fighting strenuously for its life and freedom is proved by Isabella Clara Eugenia’s three-year- long siege in Ostend.3

Nor could Portugal, which at that time was likewise subject to Spain, endure it for long but in every continent simultaneously shook off the yoke that had become so intolerable. And Spain had to recognize the Netherlands as a free nation, having tried in vain to subdue it by force into renewed bondage.

The kingdom of Spain itself was scarcely less weakened by the harsh inquisitions which, apart from those who were murdered, led thousands to save their lives by flight and leave their native country in a miserable state of decay.

That is what oppression achieved on the one hand; but I maintain that the gold and silver mines of the New World, which dazzled this nation above all, ravaged their land no less.

Since the most ancient times, gold has acquired a peculiar ascendancy over the actions of human beings, though that has been due to their own folly. Hardly has any kinship ever been so close, any friendship so solid, any justice so established or any power so sovereign that they are not occasionally found to be bewitched by its attractions.

It devastated the Spanish lands in particular in two ways. The people thronged to America with their entire families and households, established new settlements there and preferred to dig for gold and silver in a foreign country rather than cultivate a meagre soil with spade and plough at home. The more people who emigrated to acquire treasures, the fewer who stayed behind to receive them, the more their stock of money grew. But a rapid increase in the stock of money in a country with a dwindling population has always promoted extravagance and indolence. It was thus a pity, in the first place, that Spain lost its inhabitants but an even greater pity that the riches corrupted the few who were left behind.

In that way the Spanish nation allowed itself to be seduced by the wealth of the New World, sold off its cultivated and populous homeland and, by means of what is regarded as the greatest wealth, impoverished itself.

They reckoned their highest temporal advantage to be an abundance of gold and silver, the lack of which must then necessarily appear to one and all as a constraint. And that imagined constraint or poverty was an incentive to such emigration.


  1. The Council of State (Raad van State), the highest advisory council in the Netherlands, was established in 1531. In 1578, King Philip II dissolved the council.
  2. Duke of Alba refers to Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, the third duke of Alba (1507–82), often referred to as the “the butcher of Flanders”. He was responsible for Philip II’s repressive policies in the Netherlands and among other things – which Chydenius refers to here – carried out a massacre of thousands of men, women and children, considering it better to lay waste an entire country than to leave it in the hands of heretics.
  3. Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain (1566–1633) was infanta of Spain and Portugal, archduchess of Austria and the joint sovereign of Spanish Netherlands. The Siege of Ostend was a three-year siege (1601–4) during the Eighty Years War between Spain and the republic of the Seven United Netherlands that resulted in a Spanish victory in 1604.

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