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Writing: The Causes of Emigration

The Causes of Emigration, § 35

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§ 35

From everything that has been described here I have not found a single remedy for the emigration of people that could be applied without the most forceful action by the honourable Estates of the Realm. At every turn such a strong opposition will be met with, of power and of specious reasoning, that a more than common constancy is required if anything is to be achieved.

Three things are thus required for a successful outcome of the matter. First, an exact and detailed knowledge of all matters pertaining to this, with all the reasons for and against them, from which one may conclude to what extent the truth lies on one side or the other. These are things that every enlightened citizen should thoroughly familiarize himself with so that, in the event that he were elected to be a delegate of his estate at a session of the Diet, he would then be equipped with the knowledge that his important task demands of him.

But where, you say, should such things be learned? From all kinds of published polemical tracts for and against on issues that concern the welfare of our fatherland, for then the truth is most effectively revealed. For that reason a lawful freedom of writing and printing is one of the most powerful defences of our freedom that can be imagined. But if nothing but one-sided arguments and proposals are allowed to see the light of day, the high authorities themselves are likely to remain in the dark. It thus befits the Sovereign Power to keep a concerned and watchful eye on this aspect of our freedom as well.

Such things are unnecessary, you think? The members of the Diet ought to be able to learn such things during the actual Diets. But is it not too late to begin to study the legal code when one has taken one’s seat in a court of law? I at least would not wish to bring a complicated case before a judge who was obliged every now and then during the trial to ask my adversary: what does the law say on the matter? Or how should that section of the law be understood? I on my part could not but suspect him of receiving one-sided explanations from his instructor; or is it not possible that by hearing such secret advice during one’s time of tutelage one might be led to adopt the same approaches?

It is therefore necessary for the Estates to look at everything from their own and not a borrowed perspective and to already have an a priori conception of the use and misuse of all the measures adopted.

To what end and how far this freedom should extend has already been examined above.

Second, integrity is required for this purpose. Opportunities and occasions for cajoling, pleas, friendship, entertainment, gifts, the return of favours and mortal threats place the most genuine virtue in extreme peril of being shipwrecked here. Hypocrisy, vainglory, overbearing behaviour, conceitedness and other things which generally conceal themselves under the cloak of uprightness heel over at the first puff of wind, and although they then right themselves again, they still mostly remain waterlogged during the rest of the voyage. The voters should therefore focus their attention on integrity.

Even if a member of the Diet, especially during protracted Diets, who participates in the legislative power for a long time and in successive sessions of the Diet may have the opportunity to rise too high above his fellow citizens, one would hardly expect him to forget the divine law and not remember from whom he derives his authority.

Third, frankness is necessary for the implementation of the proposed remedies, so that, once mature consideration and integrity have established the equity of something, it is then unhesitatingly and without a moment’s waste put into effect by the Sovereign Power. The welfare of the whole country rests on its shoulders. It should not be intimidated by powerful opposition when it has truth and the best interests of the country on its side. What is easy today, when justice has prevailed in people’s consciences, may tomorrow, when it has been forgotten, become more difficult, but the day after tomorrow, when self-interest has had time to muster its forces, it will be impossible. If a soldier, when he has nerved himself, is allowed to attack his enemy at once, he has the courage to defeat him, but once he retreats, in order to await a better opportunity, he often loses what he had, the other side’s courage growing while his own diminishes, and then it is best in the end to capitulate.

Finally, as these are not always general qualities, it is better if a free people entrusts its affairs to many rather than to a few individuals. The more numerous they are, the better do they represent their society; the less easily can they be swayed by particular interests; the less can they be silenced by threats and the harder it is to corrupt them. If they are few, and such individuals as most of whom most hope to have a share in power during further Diets, regulations to restrict their number and simultaneously increase their authority and free them from all accountability will be a natural consequence. But who is unaware that it is the freedom not only of the delegates but also of their constituents that constitutes a free and happy society?

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