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Writing: The Causes of Emigration

The Causes of Emigration, § 31

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§ 31

I have just made some reference to the ranking of professions; I must again repeat that here, as well as in its proper place. Its serious consequences have been fully demonstrated in several publications.1 Unless this matter is dealt with seriously and the Estates themselves, without regard to the complaints of the officials, after mature consideration, adopt measures regarding it, it will not be possible to remove the constraints either between consumers and producers or between the consumers themselves.

When agriculture and crafts have been accorded concern and respect, as proposed above, and the authority of officials, outside their official sphere, has been limited in that manner, the number of applicants for offices has been reduced and the number and motivation of working people have been increased, only then will it be the right time to make appointments to certain offices for periods of one, two or at most three years. Then no office will any longer be something to compete for, but a duty that one cannot evade when called upon to perform it. And then, but not before, we will be able to rejoice at the victory of freedom.

When Rome threw off the yoke of autocracy, Brutus made the consuls annual,2 on which Livy comments: “Believe me, freedom owed its origin more to the fact that the consuls were annual than that the royal power was in any way reduced.”3

Certain appointments for life are not very encouraging, least of all on the basis on which they exist among us, but annual ones, on the contrary, cause us to engage in a perfectly honest competition to excel others in integrity and virtue during the brief time that we hold an office and thus make ourselves more deserving of confidence from the nation. Then everyone is also inclined to become familiar with the laws of the fatherland and to understand what the rights of a Swedish man involve; then the official will not be ashamed of work; then we shall be able like the English to sit in judgment on our sacks of grain and wool, and a general, like the earliest Roman ones, will be called from the plough to lead an army, conduct successful wars and, when his command terminates, return to the plough.4


  1. in several publications: Chydenius is most probably referring here to Anders Nordencrantz, who in a number of contemporary pamphlets and texts directed an angry critique against the growth of the state bureaucracy.
  2. Brutus made the consuls annual: the two consuls were the highest officials in the Roman Republic and were elected by the people for a one-year term.
  3. Believe me, freedom . . . was in any way reduced.: cited from Livy’s Ab urbe condita 2.1.
  4. a general, like the earliest Roman ones: Refers to Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus (519–438 BC), a politician in the Roman Republic who served as consul in 460 BC and dictator in 458 BC and 439 BC. Cincinnatus was appreciated for his modesty and high civic virtue. He was ploughing his field when he received a group of senators, who informed him that he had been named dictator. He immediately left for Rome and conquered the enemy, after which he resigned as dictator and returned to his estate, only 16 days later. See Livy, Ab urbe condita 3.26–30.

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