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Writing: The Causes of Emigration

The Causes of Emigration, § 29

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§ 29

As the human mind is always most avid for respect, however, the second measure is to accord respect to producers, not only as between themselves but also in relation to consumers. Who, you may say, is so thoughtless as not to respect a good-natured farmer, an industrious craftsman, a diligent shopkeeper; but of such respect I take the same view as Montesquieu did of the general pardon granted by Julius Caesar once he had utterly abolished the freedom of the Roman Republic: The compliancy, he says, that one shows after having crushed everything is not worth much praise.1 We do indeed allow them some respect, but never such as could be compared to our own; it may cause a little mutual rivalry between them, yet all the same they yearn for greater respect than they receive.

As long as rank is observed outside the official sphere, and the position of a producer remains one that no consumer any longer wishes to occupy, it will be impossible to supply people for agriculture and crafts and to reduce the number of applicants for administrative posts. The contempt among a large proportion goes so deep that not only are they disregarded because they cannot carry themselves, dress or speak in accordance with our elevated taste but, even if that were in no way an impediment, the contempt would still be there merely because they earn a living by their own labour.

If the respect is to be capable of achieving anything, it must be such that they will regard themselves as gaining in esteem thereby. There can be no more exact measure of this freedom than that the Sovereign Power should continue to extend it until the emigration of the labouring multitude ceases and consumers reckon themselves fortunate to be able to become productive citizens; only after that, but not before, should moderation in that regard be considered.


  1. The compliancy ...not worth much praise: This is from Considerations on the Causes of the Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans (Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence, 1734), ch. 11. In the original text, Chydenius cites the Swedish translation (1755).

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