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Writing: The Causes of Emigration

The Causes of Emigration, § 28

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§ 28

From the preceding I therefore derive the following general rule: The trades ought to be held in higher respect than other things, and that in accordance with their utility and necessity to society, that respect being increased until consuming individuals become inclined to abandon less advantageous official posts and engage in trades.

Such respect does not consist of some pretty phrases about farming and the handicrafts. Our age takes pride in having developed a greater interest in the economy than our forefathers; but as economic activity is an art of acquiring and preserving possessions, I really do not know any era in Sweden’s history that has made as bad use of it as we have.

For 40 years now we have lived in relative peace, with heavy expenditure, but never have the public funds been in such a profound state of debt as they are now, not even during the lamentable 20-year-long war that was brought to an end by the death of Charles XII.1 With the Bank a rich source of money was unexpectedly opened up for our age, which in a short space of time made us suddenly affluent but had the same disadvantage as the Portuguese diamond trade, namely that, owing to the excessive increase in the supply, the price of the commodity collapsed, and it is still uncertain how far it may fall. Unless the honourable Estates of the Realm remedy this, we could end up making ourselves poor in everything except paper.

That respect involves, in the first place, that the productive citizens enjoy every possible freedom and are treated very considerately, as if they were the most precious possessions of the country; that their rights are first safeguarded; the constraints on them are actively opposed and the injustice suffered by a single farmer is punished exemplariter and speedily. They should not be oppressed by threats, inducements or pressure; burdensome general redistributions of landholdings, detailed land surveys and tax assessments should not be imposed on them, but they should be encouraged by examples, representations and the personal advantages that accrue to them from that, and the way in which it may all be brought about with the least cost should be carefully monitored and adjusted.

The Sovereign Power has already, with the best of intentions, for a long time past taken great pains by means of laws and regulations to control all the actions of the subjects, which has given rise to so many laws, regulations and ordinances that they cannot keep up to date with what their obligations are, much less fulfil them. When it comes to their observance, insuperable difficulties have moreover arisen, which have forced the government to issue so many new elucidations and counter-regulations concerning them that even the court clerk is unable to apply all of them in his court, still less the subjects to observe them, which has caused the latter to see themselves cut off from their natural liberty on every side and obliged to live in constant fear of becoming entangled in the law.

The Creator, who has made everything in nature perfect and human beings sociable, having also made their inclinations such that the more freedom they are allowed, apart from practising those vices that should be checked by the laws, the more do they add strength and well-being to society and each individual, and vice versa, and experience shows that whenever human devices have, after the most careful deliberation, been set up in contradiction to that, they have sooner or later provided evidence that all human reason forms a mere drop in that sea of wisdom that is required to ensure the continuance of countries and societies in the world and that the ruin of the state will sooner or later arise from these. As proof of that, I could refer in our case to the once so highly praised Copper and Tar Companies and the Salt Office.2 I am not sure whether I ought to include even more among these before they have reached the end of their terms. The harm caused by a whole number of lesser artifices is less obvious, so that they may indeed be defended with total conviction for several centuries. It is wonderful how statecraft has increased in our time in Europe and especially among us; the only thing I miss is an acknowledgement of the fact that we do not yet understand any state thoroughly. We are not satisfied with viewing a state in the simple form that the Almighty wished to present to humanity but want to set the masterpiece of the Almighty in regular motion with our clumsy fingers and turn all the wheels according to our own preference, although we are obliged, with little credit, to hand it on in a more faltering condition than when we received it.

Perhaps excise duties, guild and currency regulations, rural trade, commodity ordinances, staple towns, privileges, societies, companies and so on would need to be examined more closely, so that a Swede would be able to learn about his obligations and would in other respects be freed from unreasonable constraints and the tyranny of self-interest. It may be feared that, with such a free rein, the whole of society would utterly collapse, but experience shows on the contrary that the more a people has made use of that freedom, the more considerable has its growth also been in terms of wealth and citizens, but the greater the restrictions on it, the poorer will the people be. The Chinese may serve as an example of the former and we ourselves of the latter. Nor did freedom really have any distorting effect on the trades, but caused them all to be more active and vigorous.

If that does not happen but the constraints continue in the trades, all encouragement for enterprise is destroyed; the workers are fettered and burdened by the institutions themselves. Lawsuits, administrators of the law and the daily consumption of paper, under the closest supervision, increase markedly at the expense of the trades until the officials finally, for lack of further nourishment from the trades, shed their feathers and fade away, having been driven by hunger to consume their mother.

I wish with all my heart that this prediction of mine may never come true; but I also believe that in our present situation nothing different could happen, if it has not already happened. In this regard I no more apprehend a verdict of disgrace from posterity than Cicero did when he hoped for the immortality of the soul. Here is the key to helping our native land and the true remedy for emigration. For either a citizen must be induced to believe that he is free although he has bolts on his legs, or they must be loosened, so that a Swede may boast: “When I fear my God and obey authority, no one can trouble me. No one may imprison me on suspicion alone; no one take me to court without my knowing my accuser; no one may force me by torture into a confession before I am convicted; no one touch the slightest part of my property or take a piece of land away from me; no one prevent me from making a living in a blameless manner, whenever and wherever I can.” These were actually the rights of a Roman citizen, which aliens had purchased so dearly during the period of liberty but which, on the contrary, were no longer worth a groat by the third century when the nation lost its liberty.3

Our multitude of vagabonds reminds me of long-hunted deer, who scarcely hear the snap of a twig before they rush off in flight, crying: “vestigia nos terrent”.4 Here traps and snares have been set for them everywhere. If they have suffered the fate of being born to a farmhand, crofter or dependent lodger or had the misfortune of being the third, fourth or fifth surviving child of a farmer, they are born to be slaves, no less than aristocrats are born with noble blood.

They are hunted under the designation of vagabonds; they are condemned to become soldiers; they are recruited, bought, sold, enlisted, exercised, beaten, suffer agonies and finally die. Each county, moreover, sets nets all around its borders so that, though it cannot itself provide them with food, work or an income, they are nonetheless prevented from being useful to others. What happens? Nitimur in vetitum.5 The same happens to them as to a child; it happily dances in the ring among its playmates half the day, but if you tell it that the ring is maintained to prevent it escaping from there, it will rush away between their hands.

The poor fugitive is pursued like an escaped prisoner, is caught, tied up and bound, although he has done nothing but seek a place in his fatherland where he can best serve both it and himself. How is it possible that such a hunted group will spend any more nights within the borders of Sweden than it needs to succeed in escaping from it?

How is it possible to remedy this unless one offers general and permanent immunity to such wretched individuals? One often whistles at a hare in mid-leap to make it stop, but only in order to be able to take better aim at it. The fides publica6 must first be fully restored and all hunting banned, so that those who have become frightened and lost may slow down and gain a respite in which to gradually seek a living.

The ordinance of 18 February7 on the establishment of crofts and new settlements on the land of freehold farms may have brought a little calm, so that one or two were already choosing a pleasant location where they intended to settle down, marry their girl and propagate their family. But the gracious royal ordinance of 3 July 1759 ordering unemployed men in rural regions without delay to take up farmsteading, although that was not possible for them, or some other lawful occupation, or else to enter military service, gave rise to new anxieties, and before those who were then driven from their homes will dare to settle down again there will have to be a period of calm.

Care should be taken in particular that food should not run short for the labouring multitude. Distinguished and respected men, who have many lofty matters to consider, regard food and clothing as vulgar things to worry about and seek to raise their thoughts to higher and nobler matters. That is possible for those whose needs are met from the Treasury, bake their bread with the sweat of others and clothe themselves from the looms of others, but to wish to implant an equally elevated taste in every citizen is senseless. Life is the dearest thing of all; it is lost within a few days when food runs out, and without firewood and clothes one freezes to death within a few hours. The worker has no one else to rely on, and a short postponement of these needs will soon place him beyond all temporal needs. To be complacent about all this is thus for him to be a fool, and of all material things, next to life itself, to value the means by which it is sustained is the most sensible thing that can be expected from human beings. We wonder at this attitude of the general public, or as the proverb goes: He who fills a mouth is good, but it is more curious that we do not realize what a vital necessity this is or fail to consider how much sweat a loaf of bread costs a labourer. Nothing appeals more to the minds of the people than never to lack the necessities of life. The fiercest lions and bears restrain their fury towards those who feed them; they show their affection and pleasure towards those who provide them with their necessities. Nor is there any measure that sooner subdues the grumbling and discontent of the public than when the Sovereign Power concerns itself with the needs of the very poorest.

Vespasian8 personally sat outside every day feeding the people and let nothing prevent him from doing so. In his letters, King Charles XII warned his generals of nothing so often as that his troops should receive adequate pay and provisions, as the principal means by which he could keep a handful of people together in a foreign land and imbue the soldiers with the courage to risk their lives for their fatherland.

They demand no more than to escape a severe tutelage and be permitted to live undisturbed in their cabins, to moisten their bread with their sweat during the day, be able to put it in their children’s mouths and tell them: “Bless your God and our freedom, which has allowed us to go out and get your food”, and to send their small children to sleep in the evening with such a lullaby and rest their own heads on a stone placed by nature in their abode, to await there the moment when the purple in the starry vault promises them a new day and the celestial torch emerges between the mountain crags and they can again begin to rival the worker-ant in gathering in something as winter food for their families and in making smocks for the children, so that they do not freeze to death in their cabins.


  1. Charles XII (1682–1718) was king of Sweden from 1697 to 1718.
  2. Copper and Tar Companies and the Salt Office: a copper company with an exclusive right to sell Swedish copper abroad was inaugurated by the Swedish king Gustavus II Adolphus in 1619 and lasted until 1639. The tar company referred to is probably Norrländska Tjärkompaniet (1648–1712), which had a monopoly on all tar distilled north of Stockholm. The Salt Office controlling the Swedish salt trade was in operation between 1750 and 1762.
  3. by the third century when the nation lost its liberty: the military anarchy of the third century AD is the part of the period of soldier-emperors (AD 235–284), when the Roman Empire nearly collapsed. Twenty-five different emperors ruled the empire during this time and the empire went through a series of military, political and economic crises. Frontier defence was neglected and barbarian invasions followed. At the same time, the emperors kept minting more and more coins in order to cover their expenses, which resulted in hyperinflation. The period ended with the accession of Diocletian and his reforms in AD 284–305.
  4. vestigia nos terrent: Latin for “the footprints frighten us”. Refers to Horace’s Epistles 1.1.74, where he in turn refers to Aesop’s fable on the fox and the lion. There were many footprints leading to the lion’s den, but no footprints could be seen leading away from it.
  5. Nitimur in vetitum: Latin for “we strive for the forbidden”. A sentence from Ovid’s Amores 3.4.17.
  6. fides publica: Latin for “the public or common trust”.
  7. The ordinance of 18 February: The royal ordinance of 18 February 1757 admitted the free establishment of crofts on taxed freehold farms (skattehemman).
  8. Titus Flavius Vespasianus (AD 9–79), Roman emperor who reigned from AD 69 until his death.

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