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Writing: The Causes of Emigration

The Causes of Emigration, § 26

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§ 26

Whether entrepreneurs or civil servants enjoy greater freedom among us is something on which not everyone agrees. If a farmer pays his taxes and debts in full, it is said, no one can be better off than him, but an official must live in constant anxiety of having to account for his actions. Our leading poets have composed a great deal about the blissfulness of a farmer and the tranquillity and innocent pleasures of shepherds and the advantages they possess as compared with those who are shaken by all the winds of fate. I recently accompanied one of them to observe and experience these rural pleasures. There we caught sight of a countryman ploughing. “Oh! What a pleasure”, he said, “to be so far from the din of the town as he is in his innocent tranquillity!” We walked some way across the ploughed field to get a closer view of his pastime, but when we got there my companion said, in a fair sweat: “We have done well to get here, I almost gave up earlier.” “What about him, then,” I said, “who has to do this all day long and at the same time use all his strength to control the plough and the oxen?” A while later we fell in with some shepherds. “This sort of life”, said my companion, “is an earthly paradise” etc. We stopped to observe their innocence, but at that moment one of them came running out of the woods shouting: “Ah! The best sheep in my flock is lost. I have looked for it in vain all day. I am so worn out I am ready to drop, and though I know I am in no way responsible for this misfortune, I am bound to have to pay for it this evening with the skin on my back and at the end of the year with my wages.” We pitied him and asked if he had such an unfair master. “No,” he replied, “he is not unfair, but if we did not have to fear such things, we would not care whether half the flock were lost. I have seen how those behave who have indulgent masters: they spend their days aimlessly, and by the evening they scarcely know where a single sheep is.”

All of a sudden a terrible thunderstorm broke above our heads with darkness, rain and lightning; it was impossible to find shelter. We had to endure it. “What bad luck we have had”, said my companion, “to be caught in such foul weather.” “No worse luck”, I said, “than that of the shepherds, who have to be prepared for such things all the time.” “I would give a ducat”, he continued, “to be back in town now.” “It is harder for the shepherds to do so,” I said, “as they do not have one.” “See the shepherds”, I added, “moving on with their flocks now; let us go along with them until the evening.” “No,” he replied, “even if I were given all the flocks that are moving along there, I would not do so. I want to go back. I fear, as it is, that we will become exhausted along the way.”

“Precisely,” I said, “then sing no more so sweetly of the pleasures of countrymen and shepherds.” To spend a moment watching the farmer working in a field and shepherds driving their flocks may be a pleasure, but to hold the plough oneself and to step altogether into the shoes of the shepherds are unpleasant and strenuous experiences that all refuse to let anyone else impose on them. But decent handicrafts, you say, are less arduous. Try them, go into the workshops, do not judge their wages until you have experienced their work. Wield the hammer for a day in the forge and then share the day’s wages with the smith; handle the carpenter’s plane for a while; move the spool energetically in a loom, et cetera; I am sure that before evening you will give me the same response as my companion.

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