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Writing: The Causes of Emigration

The Causes of Emigration, § 20

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§ 20

Such are the disadvantages that individually oppress productive and consuming citizens, but there are still others that affect all subjects generally, which have no less of an impact on emigration than those hitherto adduced.

Among these I count, first, obstacles to marriage. That the population is the basis of the actual strength of a state no one is likely to deny, while everyone knows that marriage is the true source of any increase in the population and that the inclination to marry is a natural one, as the Almighty included it in the Creation. Obstacles to it are therefore a constraint on nature that makes people dissatisfied and obstructs the growth of population and the strength of the state that flows from that.

We no longer live in those dismal times when the marriage of priests and monks was regarded as a sin; we no longer make a burnt offering of the property of the unmarried before the throne of his Roman Holiness; the monastic life is not now seen as an obligation or pious duty. Our law allows everyone to marry. Nor am I sure that the ban on the marriage of juveniles should be included here; it may be useful, for mature parents are able to produce sturdy infants, and from them we in time expect steady and cheerful workers.

There is thus no legal constraint. A large part of the citizens are in a situation, both at higher and lower levels, where they do not regard themselves as able to support a wife and children during the years when they would be most suited to marriage, and when they finally are able to, it is often too late.

Inevitably, thousands of children are every year in this way left unborn in the kingdom of Sweden who under the system ordained by the Almighty and by nature ought to be of benefit to our underpopulated society.

The children of persons of rank must tread the road to learning for a long time before they reach the academic heights. The laurels are an honour but not a source of food, nor does a livelihood very quickly follow on from them. A man still has to wait for ten, 15 or 20 years and possess great patience before he can be sure of the most meagre living based on his merits. Should he marry before then and his household increase, he has to feed and clothe wife and children with his honour, which amounts to nothing but empty hopes, but as they will not be content with that for long, he has to promptly sell his place on the waiting-list,1 which has left him deeply in debt, and take up the beggar’s staff. He has learned no craft and he can hardly gain employment once he has been forgotten by his superiors. Who would be so oblivious of his well-being as even to think of marriage under those circumstances? If a farmer has one or at most two sons, he can marry them off at home, to take over from him eventually, but if there are more, he regards them under our present conditions as a burden, does not believe that they can support themselves from his land, still less a wife and children, and therefore strongly advises them against marriage.

But this constraint is felt most harshly by our servants. For them to get married means immediately becoming paupers. The husband may eventually find a position, if he is prepared to leave his wife and children, but he will then get no food for them. His wages scarcely suffice for clothes for himself, so who is to feed and take care of his poor family, who are homeless?

They have nonetheless decided to devote all their bodily strength to taking care of their fatherland, are also willing in their poverty to provide it with workers for the future and are thus the most useful citizens one could wish for, yet, for all that, no reward is more certain for them than the beggar’s staff and pouch and reproaches from everyone as to how foolish it was for them to get married. Are these encouragements to marriage? No. Before one of them engages in that, he will adopt any other solutions that may be possible.

He first looks around for some farm that is hampered by a shortage of people in order to become a son-in- law there. If that succeeds, he is preserved for the country, but otherwise he will do something ill-advised, often wallowing in the most wicked vices, which bring about either no increase in population or one that is illegitimate. He spends his days in despair and anxiety, and when he imagines how burdensome his grey hairs will be to him in poverty and scorn, and how long the days of his old age, when no one will any longer take care of him, he often cuts short such worries with a decision to escape in good time from his misfortune.

Thus, they emigrate and their labour is lost to the crafts of the country. If we also bear in mind the families and households that could arise from them by marriages under the blessing of the Most High but are now lacking in Sweden, the loss will be many times greater.

Maids face the same disadvantages as those mentioned above, and involving even greater hardship, as they cannot easily save themselves by flight. Their arduous work is rewarded in the same way in old age as that of the above-mentioned ones, with the addition that they have to suffer more stinging taunts because of their age and unmarried status, which is no fault of theirs, which they would dearly have liked to be able to change and which is an inevitable consequence of constraints on marriage and the resulting emigration of the farmhands. Their honesty is placed under the severest strain, and their groans are in no way beneficial to our native land. If farmhands and female servants were sexless, like the bee and the worker-ant, born merely to be slaves, they would not need to be pitied, but, as things are otherwise, the constraint ought to be alleviated with the greatest sympathy. If it is truly said that patria est ubi bene est,2 would one not then be justified in saying that these have no fatherland?


  1. sell his place on the waiting-list: The official system of promotion allowed buying and selling of official posts within both the state administration and the armed forces. Chydenius here refers to the possibility of selling one’s place on the “waiting-list” to someone willing to pay for a more advantageous position higher up on the list.
  2. patria est ubi bene est: ‘The fatherland is where it is good’, a citation from Cicero’s Disputationes Tusculanae 5.37, where he refers to the tragedy Teucer by Pacuvius. A similar passage is found in Plutus, a comedy by Aristophanes.

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