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Writing: The Causes of Emigration

The Causes of Emigration, § 16

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§ 16

Our mining industry is under no less constraint than other branches of the economy.

In this regard, those principally constrained are impoverished owners of metalworks who do not themselves have the funds with which to conduct the enterprise. The honourable Estates of the Realm took their distress to heart, and in order to assist them the Ironmasters’ Association was established. But when that regulation was implemented, a certain measure was adopted against the protests of clear-sighted and upright individuals.

By means of that the wealthy, with easy loans from the Bank, were enabled to purchase iron-working estates as the highest bidders and to become suppliers of credit to the others. And because they were the same men who by unacceptable borrowing conditions influenced the exchange rate, that caused something even more deplorable to happen.

These creditors, who were at the same time exporters and financiers, stipulated by written contracts, at a reasonable exchange rate, a certain level of production and payment of so many daler for every skeppund of iron, which was to apply for ten years or more. But as soon as that had been done, they let the exchange rate rise to more than 100 mark per riksdaler, whereby one daler, which at a reasonable exchange rate was one-twelfth of a riksdaler, now amounted to only a twenty-fourth of one. The impoverished owner of the metalworks was thus obliged to sell his iron for half of the agreed value, although he received the same number of daler.

When the owner, due to such a contract, was within a few years facing financial ruin, a sincere friend could hardly have given him better advice than to abandon everything to the wealthier men and look to his security elsewhere.

Second, the smiths and labourers at the metalworks are constrained by inadequate wages.

It is in effect they who do the work, and they should therefore be provided with suitable and nourishing food and a living wage, for otherwise they will become dissatisfied and turn into idlers, thieves and, as a consolation in their poverty, the most debauched drunkards. No skilled workers can be obtained from outside. Industrious men who notice that their diligence is not generally highly valued here regard their life as one of servitude. Some of their lamentations may be read in our Riksdags-Tidningar,1 but agreements and contracts have to be maintained even if things themselves have changed. If they do not accept that, they have to look for better conditions elsewhere, a consolation, however, that does not appear to mean very much once they have a wife and children and somewhere to live, especially since all the Swedish mines have been concentrated in the hands of so few men.

The cold winters of the North that conceal the food from our summer birds drive them in flocks to enjoy the pleasures of the southern lands. Hunger and poverty without relief often indicate the same road to the workers at our metalworks.

Third, our mines are encumbered by another constraint, which especially affects the surrounding rural population, and although it does not appear to harm the iron-working estates directly, it is nonetheless obvious that no mining industry in a well-ordered society can be based on the ruin of the countryman.

How these matters stand among us cannot be unknown to anyone who cares in the slightest for his native country. There is no need of guesswork here. It is unnecessary to corroborate anything with old events or one-sided complaints: obvious truths will decide the question. I know of an iron-working estate that pays no more than 3 daler kmt for a stig of charcoal along the coast, although it costs 10 or 12 daler kmt a few mil from there. But nothing has so completely convinced me of this constraint as the story inserted in no. 96 of the Riksdags-Tidningar during the last Diet concerning the eight years of servitude, courageous resistance and meagre victory of some farmers paying land tax; it is worth keeping in mind.

They were obliged on pains of a fine of 20 daler smt to sell the stig of charcoal for 5 or 6 daler kmt less than its market price; they were convicted in the wrong court; when they appealed against that, they were fined; their notice of appeal was nullified by the execution of the original judgment, as ordered; they then claimed that all the plaintiffs should be heard, but that was rejected; they appealed but were again fined for that. And when the honourable Estates of the Realm declared the judgments and actions of the officials and the Royal Board to be wholly unlawful and contrary to manifest law, they finally had their fines repaid but received nothing for their protracted lawsuit nor any compensation for having lost 5 or 6 daler on every stig of charcoal that they had been obliged to sell over a period of eight years.


  1. Riksdags-Tidningar were periodicals that were issued during most of the Diets during the Age of Liberty and reported the discussions and decisions taken in the different Estates.

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