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Writing: The Causes of Emigration

The Causes of Emigration, § 14

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§ 14

I will finally mention the impediment that may possibly be the worst of all, namely the contempt for farmers and people in other trades. In all societies we observe how powerful is the role played by honour. Rulers therefore wisely tend to bestow honour on each individual according to his achievements. That is also the real origin of the orders of knighthood that exist in Europe. They do not in themselves constitute anything real; their worth depends only on the ruler’s command that they shall be held in a certain regard.

Most, however, are still oblivious of the need to reward the greatest achievements in the world with adequate honour. The purple is worn with great responsibility and much anxiety, but it has its moments of pleasure, seeing itself revered, displaying its luxurious living, being entertained by pastimes. Countries are occupied and defended at the cost of blood and often of lives, but victors are compensated for that with honour, spoils and an easier life in times of peace. Academic studies are pursued with great toil, but they also lead to an honoured, peaceful and comfortable old age. Yet individuals in all of these categories have to obtain their food and clothing from the soil, although none of them lift a finger to work it, and the soil does not supply a single need of theirs of its own accord.

It has to be attacked, and although it is not invincible, it never concedes total victory, but as the needs are daily ones, it must also be confronted every day. The land makes a mockery of blunt weapons in indolent hands; the victories do not actually have to be paid for in blood, for the encounters are fought hand-tohand, but the sweat flows all the more copiously and thus not without some attrition of the blood.

Heroes of that kind are recognized by their inward-turned feet, trembling knees, bent back, rough hands, stiff fingers, thin limbs, bowed head and wrinkled faces, all bearing witness as to whether they have won laurels by playing or gained merits while they slept.

If, next to God, we have our companions of Mars1 to thank for the protection of our national borders, the credit for most of the things that are found within them is due to the labour of these people.

Should such individuals then not also be honoured? For what inducement will one of them or his children have to sacrifice themselves utterly in the service of the general public if, in return for all that, he sees himself held in contempt by those who live from his sweat?

At this point I recall what I read some time ago in Livy about an old Roman knight who had unwittingly incurred some debt and whom his creditors, having on that account taken possession of his ancestral estates, had confined in a place of correction and torment.

He appeared in public on one occasion in a pitiable condition, with all his ancestors’ heraldic insignia. His clothes were all dirty, his face pale and thin, with a long beard and his hair hanging down over his eyes and an emaciated body. And while he could show the scars on his chest that he had incurred for the fatherland, his bloody back bore witness to how he had been rewarded for that in his old age. During his sufferings in prison he had lost his health and succumbed to an incurable consumption.

The Roman people resented this deeply. It is futile, they said, to fight for our liberty and our country abroad when we are oppressed by fellow-citizens at home. Our liberty is less endangered in external wars than in times of peace, among enemies rather than fellow-citizens.2


  1. companions of Mars: soldiers; Mars was the Roman god of war.
  2. It is futile . . .rather than fellow-citizens.: The passage refers to Livy’s Ab urbe condita 2.23.

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