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Writing: The Causes of Emigration

The Causes of Emigration, § 13

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§ 13

But however severe these constraints may be for agriculture, none of them has such a direct impact on the emigration of people as those that affect the cultivators of the land.

Who can look back without emotion to the regulation whereby all increase in the numbers of people on a farm was prevented when the country people were not allowed to employ on their holdings more than a certain number of labourers in proportion to the tax they pay, and the rest were confined to annual labour contracts, military service or saltpetre-boiling duties?

To prevent the increase in the number of people on a farm is actually to prevent all land reclamation. But to think of developing of the country without an expansion of farmland would, without positive evidence, seem to be unreasonable. When the young people were thus denied the chance of being useful to their own fatherland, they sought out another that appreciated their services more.

Another constraint on the cultivators of the land was that a large part of the working population was enticed by means of privileges and rewards away from the plough into our factories when they were established. Sweden’s agriculture was not capable of providing the towns with bread while the factory workers were still countrymen; but when they moved to the towns their plots of land were left fallow and neglected. Thus, bread must become scarcer but its consumers in the towns more numerous.

The factory workers gradually became accustomed to extravagance and indolence. Once the government subsidies had been used up, an accidental fire or the bankruptcy of investors would often put an end to the whole enterprise, and a number of people were thrown out of work and consequently pauperized who could never again be persuaded to care for or cultivate the land, their primeval mother. They had by then already changed their way of dressing, habits and names to show how far they had risen above their perceived lowly origins. Distress and pride made them disillusioned with their former abodes, and the accounts of fools regarding other people’s happiness became so enticing to them that they deliberately took their leave of Sweden and transferred their allegiance to another Crown.

That is lamentable evidence of the problems caused by excessive freedom in less important trades as compared with the most essential ones, which correspond exactly to the problem that a free country should expect from constraints on its productive members and the self-indulgent freedom of a few consumers.

For farmers it is also a considerable constraint that colonists, crofters, dependent lodgers and cottars are not tolerated.

The freedom to which human beings are born is desired by all. The servants eventually grow tired of working for others, wishing to do something for themselves; if they cannot do so at home, they will gradually be drawn to places where freedom is to be found. The aim of this prohibition was to overcome the difficulty of obtaining servants engaged by the year, but at the same time it drove the labourers from farming into exile and, what matters more in the long run, prevented farmhands and maids from marrying and the increase in population that flows from that.

A few years ago a royal ordinance was indeed issued which allows proprietors the freedom to accept colonists and crofters on their holdings,1 but as long as their land is communally owned or intermixed with that of their neighbours, it is not able to produce its blessed effect everywhere.

The fourth constraint on farmers is that they do not have complete security of tenure for the land that they possess. I do not wish to mention the expedients and devious means by which farmers paying land tax can be removed from their land. Suffice it to say that holdings on Crown land are taken away from their tenants without reason, when they are fulfilling their obligations.

When a simple countryman who has put his trust in the promises made at the time of the original settlement and whose family has had the holding in undisputed possession for generations finds himself with his wife and children driven onto the public highway, while the results of his forefathers’ and his own toil are handed over to undeserving people, then the security of the general public must suffer considerably thereby. Their leave-taking is pitiful to all who hear it: Farewell our native soil! We have often before watered you with our sweat but now finally with the tears of our wives and children.

I leave the public to judge whether the insecurity suffered by tenant-farmers and crofters on manorial estates may be regarded as the fifth constraint on our farmers. Not only do they not enjoy secure possession of their holdings and crofts but they are also in the dark about how much may be demanded of them.

Where, dear reader! do you think these fugitives should go? What interest will such people have in marriage? Or what desire will their children have to remain in Sweden?


  1. The royal ordinance referred to is that of 18 February 1757, which admitted the free establishment of crofts on taxed freehold farms (skattehemman).

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