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Writing: The Causes of Emigration

The Causes of Emigration, § 1

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§ 1

A country without inhabitants is a wasteland; a kingdom without subjects is a shadow that frightens only those who believe that there are people living there. Far-flung national borders look impressive on the map but mean nothing in themselves, for otherwise Great Tartary in Asia would be the most powerful kingdom in the whole world; a Palestine becomes a desert when labourers die and move away, a Lapland a land of Canaan when it is inhabited by people.

How many thousands of Swedes have not died in order to extend our borders? But how few have seriously considered the best way of filling the old ones with inhabitants? An equal amount, however, may be achieved in both ways. We have sometimes cut large patches off our neighbours, but before we have finished the game they have usually won the codille and the forfeit as well.1 We fight for the soil, of which we have enough, but risk losing that which is most indispensable.

In ancient times the Nordic peoples gave rise to many others: they filled their land with inhabitants and enriched those of others with the surplus. The climate of Sweden, although it is regarded as harsh by southerners, not only is tolerable to us out of habit, as Seneca believed,2 but also it preserves its inhabitants from many contagious diseases to which others are subject, makes the people fertile and hardens the children’s constitutions from the cradle. The pandemic plague has not visited us in the North for more than 50 years now. Epidemics occur rarely and are still tolerable.

Nor has a fortunate era failed to make our native land blessed. For more than 40 years Sweden has been spared the ravages of a dangerous neighbour, and although we have twice since then taken to arms, not without serious consequences, yet the loss of those who on either occasion fell by the sword of the enemy is not excessive. The freedom we have recovered is almost coeval with that period of peace. Useful sciences have been nurtured, gained prestige and, to the wonderment of all Europe, risen to such a height that our learned men have seized from the hands of others laurels won without bribery and thus impartially and have opened up paths of scholarship that others count themselves lucky to be able to follow.

Crafts have been developed among us by considerable investments of money and people, and the number of workshops has increased remarkably. We see in our newspapers that much new land is being cleared for fields and meadows.

From all this, one would appear to be entitled to conclude how far such a for fortunate society must have increased in inhabitants and wealth. Or who could believe anything else? But since, following the example of other nations, we have in recent times begun to record statistics for the entire population3 every year or every third year, only then have we noticed the opposite. Here we recognize the cause of the fertility of the old Northmen in the ratio between births and deaths, but when we eagerly await the increase of population in Sweden that should naturally follow from that, the calculation proves wrong: people are born here, but when they ought to become productive, they are not to be found among the citizens.

Attempts have been made to forestall this by legislation, and the solicitude of the authorities extends to all the borders of the kingdom, to keep them guarded; nonetheless, it is difficult to keep anyone confined without chains and locks. Fetters, dungeons and bars are often unable to hold a single person. How, then, can one among millions control thousands who are unknown to anyone? Experience has also shown that all efforts to that end are fruitless.

Is it not, then, a matter of urgency to understand the true cause: why such a multitude of Swedish people annually emigrate from this country and how it may best be prevented?

The Royal Academy of Sciences has, out of zeal for the fatherland, presented this question to its compatriots and encouraged them to engage competitively with such an important subject.

Neither fear of not being listened to, nor that others will do it better, should make any well-disposed Swede hesitate to employ his energies on such a noble subject.


  1. won the codille and the forfeit as well: here Chydenius uses two terms from card games to describe a situation where the opponent, or the enemy, takes it all.
  2. as Seneca believed: Chydenius presumably makes a mistake here: it was Tacitus, not Seneca, who wrote about the northern peoples. This passage seems to refer to Tacitus’s Germania, ch. 4. If it really is a reference to Seneca, it could be to his Naturales Quaestiones, part V, dealing with the winds and climate in various parts of the world.
  3. record statistics for the entire population: refers to the activities of the Swedish Office of Tables (Tabellverket). See the following Commentary, note 9.

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