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Writing: The Causes of Emigration

The Causes of Emigration, § 23

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§ 23

There are constraints on reasoning, writing and printing, which I, fourthly, still have to say something about, not because enough has not already been written on this subject but because it must not be passed over at this point.

As pleasant as day is compared to night, light compared to darkness, sunshine compared to thunder and lightning, so exciting to citizens is knowledge of their well-being and distress. For that reason, learned subjects are pursued, writers are roused to compete with each other and the printing press exhibits their thoughts. Free societies in particular need such information. They have to manage their welfare by themselves. If they are benighted and leaderless, they will fail to reach the goal of felicity, will hit the rocks and plunge their entire native country into an unfathomable abyss, just when they thought they were about to drop anchor off the shore of happiness. They will then learn how hazardous it is to be a pilot in unknown waters and a leading seaman with no knowledge of the compass.

Sweden has indeed experienced this to its own detriment. Scarcely had a pale aurora borealis appeared in our sky than we thought that it heralded the delightful red light of dawn; a small signal fire, a shining meteor that burns for a few minutes has often captivated us so much that, before we knew where we were, we had strayed from the correct fairway. We have believed them to be sparkling rays from the island of the blessed, but after admiring these quickly extinguished flares for a while, we have found ourselves surrounded by breakers and high cliffs. Most people were completely at a loss, abandoning both sails and rudder, others said that we would soon be able to anchor in a desired haven, but those who were clear-sighted said that the vessel would perish unless we changed course.

It is not enough in free states for a few to have fathomed this. It is the majority that will decide matters. Those who have advanced that far are too elevated above the common people: they are individuals who, once they have gained the confidence of the country through their zeal, are soon led astray from the right path by an insidious self-interest; they should therefore be honoured, but not worshipped, and be followed, but not blindly.

If that is to happen, the nation itself must be enlightened, but that requires reasoning. That is best developed when we put our thoughts down on paper. But there is little encouragement for that unless the printing press makes it public. That provides a noble defence for truth and innocence. Virtue is not sullied by the black stain of slander; it is purified from dross and shines twice as brightly. It is unafraid of daylight, never suspicious of enlightenment and least of all fears any setbacks when that is allowed to prevail.

But there are also others who prefer to stand behind a screen when they are to do something and only occasionally emerge in front of the public and then perform wonderful tricks, but with a proviso similar to that of a conjuror, that no one may come close to them or look behind the screen. Dr Ernst Schubert appears to be referring to such people when he says in his Heilige Reden:1 “Do not be surprised, my friends, that truth provokes such deep and implacable hostility from the world. There have never been two such diametrically opposed things as truth and the opinions and aims of the children of the world. The latter look for nothing but a vain glory, perishable treasures and reprehensible carnal desires. Their intention is to give these godless desires some appearance of virtue, deceive the simple-minded and gain an opportunity to indulge their sensual pleasures. But as soon as truth emerges, the evil of their hearts is exposed and they are deprived of many opportunities to achieve their evil aims. Imagine the difficult situation of a person who seeks his highest bliss in his desires! He thinks he will lose everything when truth prevails and can lodge itself in people’s hearts. And that single thought is enough to rouse him to fury, cruelty, vengeance and persecution against those who publicly and fearlessly profess the truth.” And in another place: “Piety often prevents us from agreeing with the aims of those who hold power. The love for our neighbour often obliges cuted by others. Justice often forces us to reveal the wickedness of those who have gained great renown in the world. And this circumstance, which in every way conflicts with that of the world, cannot possibly leave us in peace for long. People become infuriated with us. They seek to get rid of us. Lies and imputations are concocted and deprive us of our good name. We are charged with all kinds of vices and crimes. They shun neither cunning nor force in order to destroy us.”

Baron Rudolph of Hollenburg2 says: “There are three methods in particular that rulers tend to use to promote individual gain to the detriment of the public interest, namely: To deprive the general public of any ability to harm them, by getting rid either by cunning or force of all those who have from childhood learned to think and have the enterprise to carry that into effect for the common good, who act on the sanctity of promises and can never be seduced by flattering words, without whom, he says, the rest of the people are a body without a soul, an army without a commander, a ship without a crew and are soundly asleep. To impoverish all the noble-minded by coercion, through confiscating the possessions of the wealthy, collecting intolerable ground rents, using them for private advantage, overwhelming the citizens with work and seeking to involve them in foreign wars. To use discord to set the citizens against each other, by banning all meetings, promoting stupid people over the competent ones, depriving some of their properties and allocating them to others.”

“To be a republican,” says another author, “and not to understand the external and internal interests of one’s fatherland due to prevailing secrecy and constraints on thought, is a contradiction in terms. Ignorance is fitting for barbarism but not for a free republican spirit.”


  1. Johann Ernst Schubert (1717–74) was professor of theology in Greifswald and published among other works Heilige Reden in two volumes (1743–7).
  2. Rudolf von Dietrichstein-Hollenburg (1603–49). The citation is from Matthias Bernegger, Ex C. Cornelii Taciti Germania et Agricola questiones miscellaneae, olim moderante Mathia Berneggero, academicis exercitationibus sparsim disputatae, unum in corpus certumque ordinem . . ./edidit Jo. Freinshemius. Argentorati [Strasbourg], 1640.

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