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Writing: A Remedy for the Country

A Remedy for the Country, § 5

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§ 5

This simple demonstration undermines most of the current maxims of minting in Europe, which themselves are nothing but subtle frauds and make enterprise everywhere difficult, complicated and uncertain.

He who personally wishes to use his reason and does not let himself be blindly led by others must therefore accept as incontrovertible the fundamental truth that human beings, according to their right derived from nature, ought to receive for a negotiable commodity a cash payment corresponding to it in value and that the Sovereign Power, in that regard, when minting metals, does not have the right, in order to ease circulation thereby, to establish by law any other value of a coin than that which the same amount of metal will command as a traded commodity and contains in terms of precious metals.

This fundamental principle invalidates the opinion accepted in most countries that a country’s small coins should be of a lower quality than its standard coin, which situation now causes such great confusion.

Some would object that it would be hazardous for Sweden to adopt such a straightforward standard of coinage when other nations have established their coinage on some other basis, but that means nothing, for foreigners never receive our coin except as a commodity, while a Swede likewise sets a price on his commodity according to the intrinsic worth of the coin with which it is to be purchased by the foreigner.

The argument for a low-quality coinage in a country also tends to be put forward that it makes no difference to the inhabitants of the country whether they receive inferior or better coin for their commodities as long as they will receive for it from others the same quantity of commodities as that which they had exchanged for it. But the response to this is that the more strictly an agio1 for the inferior coin is prohibited and the more closely such a monetary system is observed within the country, the more must the inferior coin drive out the better.2 For it is obvious that when 1 mark of fine silver minted into riksdaler specie is, according to the monetary system, worth 7 or 8 per cent more inside the country than 1 mark of fine silver minted into caroliner, then the foreigners through their agents will be actively looking for the caroliner, and while it is all the same to a Swede whether he pays the foreigners in caroliner or riksdaler, as they are worth the same according to the monetary system, Sweden has thus been deprived of millions of caroliner, all at a loss of 7 per cent to the country. If the carolin or any other coin is minted as inferior to a riksdaler, it will be the turn of the riksdaler to disappear. In the same way, slantar have driven out plåtar, which is indisputable. People denounce the stealthy exporting of the better coin as smuggling, but it is simply the fault of rulers who have set such different values on the metals, and it can never be prevented under such circumstances.

If, on the other hand, one wished to debase all the coinage of the realm generally in the same proportion, or, which amounts to the same thing, raise its tale-value, nothing would be gained thereby, as the commodity prices inevitably rise to the same extent, but on the other hand the inferior metal and higher minting charge represent a loss and the more precious metal is itself reduced in price by the amount it costs to smelt and purify it.


  1. An agio is the percentage of charge made for the exchange of paper money into cash, or for the exchange of a less valuable metallic currency into one more valuable.
  2. . . . the inferior coin drive out the better: this principle is often referred to as Gresham’s law, which states that “bad money drives out good” when there are two accepted legal tender in circulation under protection of the state. It is named after Sir Thomas Gresham (1519–79), an English financier and adviser to the Tudor dynasty.

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