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Writing: A Remedy for the Country

A Remedy for the Country, § 4

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§ 4

Rulers have nevertheless believed themselves entitled, with more or less deleterious intentions, not only to change the composition of these metals but also, by means of laws and decrees, to impose values on the coins that differ from their weight and quality, which must necessarily lead to the seller receiving a varying amount of these metals for one and the same commodity, according to whether he is paid for it in coin with a greater or a smaller precious metal content.

These changes in the value of the coinage have sometimes gone so far that one has assumed it to be in the power of rulers to order the seller to accept 1 lod of copper for a commodity for which he would otherwise be entitled to receive the same quantity of silver or, which amounts to the same thing, to believe the copper to be silver, or at least that both of these metals are of equal value.1 And as in commerce 1 lod of fine silver relates in value to 1 lod of copper approximately as 100 lod to 1 lod, that command has also obliged me to believe that 100 shall equal 1, which cannot but be one of the most difficult articles of faith that may be imposed upon a subject.

Can there be any greater abuse? But in what does this crime consist? It consists in the fact that the seller does not receive the quantity of these metals that corresponds to the value of his commodity but has to be content with the stamped or tale-value that the Sovereign Power has allocated to them.

Even if it differs in degree, the crime can never thereby change its nature, and it can never become more lawful to dispossess my neighbour of 1 riksdaler than it is to take 100. It is for this reason that Board of Trade Counsellor Polhem2 states in a postscript to a letter dated 14 February 1715 and submitted to the Board of Trade, “Such devices in the monetary system are either childish follies or merely cunning tricks,” and, he adds, “it is a wonder that Sweden has been able to remain prosperous for so long!”


  1. These changes in the value . . .: to debase money by clipping or filing silver and gold coins seems to have been a common practice among European rulers since the medieval period (and probably even long before that). During the Thirty Years War (1618–48) this practice was so common that this period has often been called the “Kipper und Wipperzeit”. Chydenius most particularly refers to the so-called nödmynt (crisis coins) made of copper, which were issued by Charles XII in Sweden in 1715–18 in order to finance his extensive wars. A guarantee was issued which granted a certain value in regular silver and copper for the “crisis coins”. The person responsible for the issue of such coins of inferior value was the king’s adviser Baron Georg Heinrich Görtz. When it became obvious after Charles XII’s death on 18 November 1718 that the “crisis coins” would not be exchanged for “real” money, they lost all their value. Görtz was subsequently executed in 1719.
  2. Christopher Polhem (1661–1751) was a Swedish inventor, owner of iron manufactories, industrialist and economic writer. He wrote a great number of economic texts (most of them unpublished). Like Lars Salvius and other writers later on, Polhem was in general critical of trade regulations, which he believed especially harmed the iron industry.

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