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Writing: A Remedy for the Country

A Remedy for the Country, § 17

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§ 17

Since it has now been demonstrated that the tale-value of the paper daler has had to be raised by law, both because of the use made of it and from necessity, closer consideration should be given as to whether reducing it to its previous value would or would not be possible.

There is much to be read in the financial documents of former times about attempts of that kind, but not a single one of any significance turns out to have succeeded anywhere.

Rulers have on such occasions generally tipped their financial system from the frying-pan into the fire. Many such experiments have been carried out with the utmost rigour in Sweden, especially during the most recent periods.

King Charles IX1 issued a proclamation in the severest terms, in which he ordered on pain of death that a Swedish daler or 4 mark should be worth 32 öre, while the riksdaler was worth 36 öre, but entirely in vain, as the daler was 50 per cent slighter in metal content and value. Futile efforts were likewise made during the minority of Queen Christina2 in 1638 and by her herself in 1645, and the report of the Public Finance Board on the information called for by King Charles XI3 regarding such devaluations of the currency, dated 13 March 1695, is especially remarkable. It states among other things: “It is absolutely incontestable that the better the coinage, the greater the advantage and value to him who possesses it, but whether it is feasible in the manner proposed, in this kingdom any more than elsewhere, to achieve stability, import silver and retain the good coin in the country while, on the other hand, we remain safe from the insidious introduction of false and worthless coin, one has good reason not only to doubt but to regard as absolutely impracticable. Past times have proved this, as when, in the time of King Charles IX, Swedish silver4 was related to a riksdaler as 32 to 36, as well as in the time of Queen Christina in 1645, when 48 öre were to be worth the same as 1 riksdaler, or 3 caroliner, which could not be maintained for four years. What else could be expected now, if one were to undertake such a devaluation?”

Continual efforts were made to make 36 öre equal to 1 riksdaler specie, but when that was unsuccessful, the preference was for 48 öre to do so, and soon afterwards that 52 öre should correspond to 1 riksdaler, but nothing lasted until the currency was stabilized in its natural equivalence in 1681, making 1 riksdaler specie equivalent to a 6-daler plåt, or 64 öre, and in order most conveniently to escape from the whole muddle and not mix the various daler up with each other, the expedient of giving the inferior daler the name of daler kmt and the others daler smt was hit upon, which never meant, however, that the inferior daler was composed of copper and the better one of silver, for all plåtar are stamped daler smt, and the daler has often had as slight a content of silver as of copper, which shows that daler kmt in reality denotes neither silver nor copper but is a tale-value5 that is applied in Sweden to the entire currency and is used in all commerce, although it is now asserted that it only denotes copper plåtar, as it is desired to have the banknotes exchanged for assets at the lowest tale-value, even if that were to cause the greatest harm to the country.

At the beginning of the seventeenth century there was thus as yet no more than one kind of daler in Sweden, but as the daler was increasingly debased in minting as against the riksdaler, it was found necessary to reckon with two kinds of daler and to call one “a copper coin” and the other “a silver coin”. This daler kmt has now again been debased by 100 per cent, as has been demonstrated above; it must therefore become as impossible as then to make them equivalent, and the most natural remedy, to escape from the confusion into which we have fallen, will be either to entirely abandon the reckoning in daler or to differentiate between daler in copper coin and daler in banknotes.

At the beginning of our liberty,6 much consideration was also given to lowering the tale-value, which had been raised in 1715, but an anonymous writer7 showed in 1722, in an exhaustive essay entitled Indefeasible Thoughts on Lowering and Raising the Value of the Swedish Coinage, Printed in Stockholm by Joh. Hind. Werner,8 how extremely hazardous any devaluation of the coinage would be. He expounds on the matter with such clarity and force that it can hardly be improved upon and simply needs to be applied to the crisis in which we now find ourselves.

He first of all shows how raising the value of the coinage had within six years increased the price of all commodities and trades in the kingdom by 100 or 150 per cent, demonstrates this with special reference to copper and iron, and says that “since they have by now, through the raising of the value of the coinage, together with the paltry value of the token coins, deteriorated from their optimum and earlier condition and have been brought into a different one, they face risks and danger should a single further change be made in the coinage”.

He deals with the metalworking industries, demonstrating how every branch thereof had been transformed along with the currency, how the cost of pig iron, ore, charcoal, haulage and freight, and the like had risen, and then says reflectively: “If changes were to be made in the currency, from the revaluation of which all this flows, then the very foundation of iron production will be affected. One could, for instance, imagine those works where iron cannot regularly be produced9 for less than 35, 40, 45 daler, and where, by a devaluation of a currency, the price would fall to 30 or 35; will not works of that description then perish and the rest struggle on without making a profit until they eventually fall into decay?” “What concern”, he continues, “do those have for the welfare of the kingdom who regard a devaluation of the currency as beneficial for the country despite the fact that the kingdom’s most valuable treasure is thereby exposed to such a great risk?”

The alteration in the currency and in the value of commodities, he continues, “may arise from any cause whatsoever, yet it will become more and more enduring and by degrees irreversible. It is not so easy to alter what has been rising for so many years and because of so many circumstances.

“To reverse all the above-mentioned by law and compulsion is sooner said than done; in the case of a currency, all such things are easier to raise than to lower; those are more able to adapt themselves who are necessary to the operation of the works and who can with less injury leave the work undone or the materials unsold than the owner can on that account allow the whole works to come to a standstill.”

He finally deals with all the disadvantages that follow from the raising of the value of the currency and shows how the major ones had already been removed and the remainder could also easily be remedied without exposing the welfare and survival of the kingdom and the citizens to extreme peril by a devaluation. But since commodity prices, purchases, productive occupations and metalworking industries have now adapted themselves to a level of daler that corresponds to the higher tale-value which the banknote has been shown to have, to attempt to lower it seems, to me at least, impossible and that too much is thereby set at risk on what may be an unreliable calculation.


  1. Charles IX was king of Sweden from 1604 to 1611.
  2. the minority of Queen Christina: After the death of Christina’s father, Gustavus II Adolphus, in 1632, there was a government led by Chancellor of the Realm Axel Oxenstierna until Christina came of age, in 1644. She then ruled Sweden until 1654, when she abdicated and left for Rome.
  3. Charles XI (1655–97) was king of Sweden from 1660 (or 1672, when he attained his maturity) until his death.
  4. Swedish silver: i.e. Swedish daler or 4 mark.
  5. a tale-value: here räknevärde could also be translated as “unit of account”.
  6. . . . the beginning of our liberty: the so-called Age of Liberty in Swedish history lasted from 1719 to 1772.
  7. anonymous writer: the author was Emmanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772), scientist, writer, assessor in the Board of Mining and religious mystic.
  8. Indefeasible Thoughts...: Oförgripelige tanckar om swenska myntetz förnedring och förhögning, Stockholm, 1722.
  9. . . . where iron cannot regularly be produced: in the original text by Chydenius, the negation has been left out by mistake. In the cited work by Swedenborg the phrase is in the negative.

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