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Writing: Answer to the Question on Rural Trade

Answer to the Question on Rural Trade, § 21

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§ 21

It has been shown above what inconveniences, given the constraints and restrictive law, are directly involved in this matter. But apart from these, there are others that may not at first strike a reader but which are nonetheless as inescapable as the former and have such an impact that they are scarcely less important than the others and must therefore not be ignored.

Economic laws and restrictions, especially when they affect the first and most precious rights of nature, cannot but lead to innumerable breaches of the law, which occupy the courts of the kingdom to an incredible extent, create whole hosts of lawyers, waste the valuable time of workers and officials, set citizens against each other and everywhere impose intolerable expenses on them, for the conduct of their lawsuits.

We recently had an interesting reminder of this in the news from Paris on 22 April last: “In this city,” it says, “there were formerly 118 kinds of master-hoods of craft guilds. Everything was subject to the guild ordinance, even the selling of bouquets, and there were regulations concerning the selling of flowers. The cooks were distributed between several guilds, of roasters, fricasseers, etc., and the slightest infringement perpetrated by one of the rights of another led to a legal dispute. One saw three guilds litigating about a foreman’s whip. Other guilds wrangled about a ham that had been boiled by a roaster, lawsuits that cost the parties much money and waste of time.”

Whoever reads the reports of proceedings in our lower courts, the records of the Board of Trade and the reports of the Council of the Realm fairly attentively, whoever has attended some of our past Diets and seen shoemakers and cobblers collecting large sums of money, each in order to win their lawsuit before the Estates of the Realm concerning whether or not cobblers should be allowed to make a curved incision in the heel leather and whether they should be allowed to make shoes with a mid-sole of leather or whether it must necessarily be made of birch bark; and another scarcely less remarkable one between gold-wire drawers and lace­makers, with others that must eventually become party matters, he must on the one hand smile at the folly of mankind and on the other hand weep at the exorbitant taxing of our industries due to all this.

The rural trade, the general freedom to trade in the countryside, may never have dared to stand up to the courts or Estates but has sought to assist humanity covertly and then to evade the penalty as best it could, though sometimes at a considerable cost. But the peddling trade of Västergötland, the only rural trade that may truly said to be protected by the law, has been attacked in almost every Diet by our guardians of order, and in 1766 it came close to being lost, which, had it happened, would have meant nothing less than the assured destruction of half or two­thirds of the population and quantity of commodities in Västergötland. However, the preservation of that freedom cost the town of Borås large sums of money.

See, dear reader, how heavy, how oppressive it is to bear the fetters of constraint, nor will they ever be removed by any other means than freedom. Where that comes to prevail, there all disputes about benefits, innumerable lawsuits, large perquisites and unwarranted victims will cease; judges will have more time to devote to their true task of punishing vicious people and protecting those who wish to live quietly and moderately; and people engaged in economic pursuits will be able to retain for themselves and their children that which they have obtained by their own efforts.

Here I must quote the words of a lover of freedom1 from the publication The Source of Our Country’s Weakness, which was so heavily criticized during the Diet of 1766. On page 52 he says: “Where would then”, namely in a condition of freedom, “all the disputes about urban privileges and rural trade be? Where would the many customs regulations and burdensome tollgates then be, or the expensive matters of staple towns, guild regulations, commodity ordinances and retorsion acts, monetary regulations, finances, exchange rates, and a hundred other things? Where then would all the lawsuits be that these have brought about? Where all the prosecutors who have initiated them, all the lawyers who have pursued them, all the judges who have presided over them, and, finally, all the salaries, food, and paper that all of these have consumed in the process, all of it a drain on the economy?”


  1. a lover of freedom: this is of course Chydenius himself. The pamphlet was published anonymously and Chydenius seems to have wanted to preserve the secret. That the author was Chydenius was, however, commonly known already in 1765. Cf. his Autobiography
  2. On page 5 . . .: see The Source of Our Country’s Weakness

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