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Writing: Three Politico-Economic Questions

Three Politico-Economic Questions: The First Question

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Three Politico-Economic Questions

1761 or 1762.

 

THE FIRST QUESTION.

Whether a ban on the export of specie from a country will benefit a society or not?

A country must, in relation to others, have either a surplus, a balance or a deficit of trade. It is in surplus when it transfers commodities to others of greater value than those it receives from them. The surplus value of its commodities must then necessarily be paid for by the foreigners in specie. For such a country it is all the same if it pays the foreigner a few thousand daler in specie in one or more places, provided that in some other place it is sure to receive back not only the equivalent of that but also as much additional money as it is in surplus. What, then, is the harm in exporting specie?

If it has a balanced trade, that is if the commodities exported from a country amount qvam proxime1 to the same value as those imported, it is then able to obtain all its necessities from abroad in exchange for commodities and would therefore seem not to need to export specie. A state such as that with a balanced trade does not only conduct commerce with several foreign states, however, but the commerce is also generally carried on from several provinces of the country. The foreign countries with which it is engaged in commerce are never of remotely equal importance in the commerce. Should it gain at the expense of the weaker trading nations, it must on the contrary lose something in relation to the stronger ones, and yet it must maintain the trade for the sake of some indispensable commodities, by means of which it may gain enough from another nation to enable it to preserve the balance. If the export of specie is banned, my question is: with what should it purchase the commodities from those with whom it runs a deficit? If the two putative nations with which it is trading should also have reciprocal trade relations, then that could be achieved by means of bills of exchange, but not under other circumstances.

If the balance is transformed by some particular events into a deficit for 2, 3 or more years running, the credit of such a country must suffer considerably, as it is not able to discharge its debt for several years but must undertake to pay successive instalments of interest, the annual addition of which to the principal is likely to produce the greatest obstacles to the recovery by such a country of its previous commercial independence.

Nor do all provinces require the same quantity of foreign commodities, so that those that require more commodities than they export face the same difficulties as those just mentioned, unless they are allowed to pay for them in specie.

If the country has a negative balance of trade, however, that is if it acquires commodities from abroad of greater value than that of the ones that it exports, the difficulties appear to become far more intractable. For if the country were to use its exportable commodities as payment for the commodities that it acquires from abroad, in so far as they suffice, for they will not suffice for everything, then a larger or smaller surplus of imported foreign commodities will arise, which cannot possibly be paid for with commodities. That must then either be paid for in specie or be left unpaid and the country accept indebtedness for the rest. As it is not allowed to be paid for in specie, the latter is unavoidable. Indebtedness is in this case nothing but a promise to pay specie, sooner or later, for what has been obtained. If the ban on the export of specie is unconditional, I will then have committed myself to doing something that directly contravenes the law. Should I redeem my bond I infringe the law, should I leave it unredeemed I act contrary to the laws of all nations, which will ultimately affect no one more adversely than myself. If the country has this year had to acknowledge itself indebted for 1 million, without being able to discharge its debt in specie, that debt will, even at a reasonable interest rate of 6 per cent, have risen to 2 million within 16 ⅔ years. Now such a rate of interest cannot be paid off annually, either with specie or commodities, for one is prohibited and the other under such circumstances impossible, so that the annual interest has to be added to the principal, owing to which the debt increases at a much faster rate. But if the trade deficit of the country during the 16 ⅔ years is the same as for this year, it must annually acknowledge itself indebted for an additional 1 million and thus for a principal debt of 16 millions, apart from the compound interest, which, having been annually added to the principal debt, exceeds the latter many times over.

Such a debt-encumbered country must ultimately pledge its estates, houses and properties to its creditors, sell its prosperity and freedom and groan under a servile yoke that it has placed on its own shoulders.

The growth in the quantity of exported commodities must not be one-sidedly regarded as evidence of any real deliverance from a deficit until one knows whether the value of the imported commodities has not increased at the same or an even faster rate.

To consent to the importation of dispensable commodities but prohibit the export of specie appears to be the equivalent of allowing one’s man-servant to go to a shop and dress himself up there in all kinds of finery while strictly forbidding him to pay any money for it.

To prohibit the importation of foreign luxury goods but permit their use in broad daylight seems to be equivalent to denouncing vice but at the same time condoning it as long as it is indulged in discreetly.

To increase the number of unproductive individuals by creating new offices without abolishing any of the older ones is at the same time to remove twice as many citizens from productive occupations (of which one half immediately fill the new offices and the other half, in the hope of being promoted to these, assist the former and perform their duties), which is to increase expenditure but reduce income. To remove many individuals from productive occupations is similarly to reduce the amount of exported commodities and increase that of imported ones and at the same time to progressively worsen the situation of a debt-burdened country.

But, in addition, to concentrate several salaried offices in the hands of a single man is to increase the number of unproductive individuals in a peculiar manner far beyond their normal numbers, placing insufferable burdens on the productive citizens of the country while giving an uncommon boost to voluptuousness and luxury.

When the great king Gustav the First initially assumed the governance of a debt-burdened nation, he did not prohibit the export of specie but seized all the public and private assets that he could, including even the church bells of the kingdom, and shipped them abroad to the Hanseatic Cities in order to put a stop thereby to their bloodsucking policy. He sought to promote agriculture, commerce and handicrafts and regarded luxury in such a poor county as a devastating disease.


  1. qvam proxime: approximately

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