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Writing: A Remedy for the Country

A Remedy for the Country, § 33

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§ 33

I said that the value of the banknotes should be determined once and for all against the riksdaler or the silver and therefore never be lowered or raised, as long as any notes are still in circulation, if productive occupations are to have any security with regard to banknotes, but many may regard such a stabilization of the value of the banknote as both unfair and impracticable.

With regard to the former, it has been made clear that they would never otherwise enter into circulation or serve as money, but concerning the latter I wish to reply here specifically to the objections used to show its impracticability.

It is said to be futile as long as the Bank cannot undertake to redeem all banknotes simultaneously, for in the meantime the drawer may increase the value of his bill of exchange and the merchant that of his commodity. Such things can be done when a stock of banknotes is increasing but not when it is decreasing. Experience all too clearly refutes that, for although the Bank has done nothing since the Diet of 1762 but prevent new loans and has accepted banknotes both as principal and interest, the exchange rate has nonetheless spontaneously, and in advance of the ordinance on a 70-mark rate, fallen from 108 to 73 or 75 mark; though whether that rapid fall has harmed or benefited the productive occupations there is no time to examine now.

If it was possible for that to occur spontaneously, and before the Bank had laid down how much silver or copper each daler should represent, would one be any more certain now, were that to happen, that they would remain stable?

If the above-mentioned loans of silver were going to be raised, I ask: what would the Bank then have provided as a surety for the silver? Nothing except the guarantee of the Estates of the Realm and the bonds issued by the Bank on the basis of it. If such loans could be procured, would not the bonds together with the guarantee have been as valid to the lender as the sums of silver he had provided, although he would not be able to convert them into cash for several years? Undoubtedly, for otherwise he would not have exchanged any silver for them.

If these bonds of the Bank can represent a fixed quantity of silver without any deductions, what then prevents its bank deposit-receipts, which are also nothing but bonds, from representing the same amount, provided that the Bank, on the basis of its calculations, lays down a certain period, or within how many years all banknotes should be converted, each daler for instance by one-eighteenth of a riksdaler, the Estates of the Realm again guarantee the security and convertibility of the banknotes, and possessors of the notes, whether native or foreign, are informed how, if the Bank does not voluntarily make payment before then, they are to look for their security in the Bank’s mortgage funds by means of taking legal action?

Once that has been done, all banknotes will, despite being made payable in daler kmt, immediately be equivalent to riksdaler notes and enter into all domestic and foreign commerce as convertible sums of silver, with little or no agio; for it is all the same to a native or foreigner whether he has the silver in his possession or the banknote for which he can with certainty sooner or later demand silver.

But as long as they had not been made payable for a certain quantity of silver or copper, as was demonstrated above, no term had been set for their redemption in hard cash and still less any method been devised by which the note-holder could reclaim from the Bank the money that he had deposited there, it was less surprising that they had fallen so much in value than, on the contrary, that they have been able to preserve as much of it as still remains.

In order to implement this measure, which is the most essential one, the Bank, however low its resources may be, could soon give an undertaking to those who wish to have their banknotes converted and redeem them either with bar-silver1 or riksdaler, plåtar or slantar, reckoning the copper (N.B.) not by its stamp but its weight, according to the value of copper against silver, as a commodity, for otherwise the whole scheme is doomed to fail.

In doing so, the Bank risks nothing. The current coin enters into circulation, and the banknotes gain general credit and are by degrees withdrawn.

In England we saw an example of this some time ago when the credit of the London Bank’s2 notes began to decline. Although the stock of current coin represented barely one-tenth of its notes, it was made subject to conversion by everyone, of which a number of people initially took advantage, but that soon ceased, as the banknotes circulated much more vigorously and the Bank regained its credit.

In the Swedish Bank, into which a considerable part of the stock of notes annually flows as principal and interest and the notes are readily used in circulation, as long as they possess complete security in the manner indicated above, the additional portion that could be presented for conversion will be of little significance. And even if the Bank were to be emptied and be obliged to periodically suspend conversion until new funds could be accumulated from import duties, taxes on copper and iron-forging, etc., none of that would make any difference as long as the basis of conversion remains permanently the same. But unless this happens, the finances of the country will in future be irremediable, the Bank devoid of security and the previously stated harmful consequences inescapable.

Once the Estates of the Realm have established this and the Joint Banking Committee has laid down the manner of its implementation, little else should remain to the Bank than the book-keeping required to administer it.

One would then also hope that the necessary secrets of the Bank would be few or none and directors more or less superfluous, or at least deprived of their ability to interfere in matters of state security in the kingdom.

A good thing never needs to be concealed, but if the matter is dubious, it is most easily recognized by its secrecy.


  1. bar-silver: the Swedish word verksilver refers to a silver alloy with the fineness of c.83 per cent (Scandinavian silver).
  2. London Bank’s: the Bank of England was founded in 1694 and began to issue banknotes (the first printed ones appeared in 1725).

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