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Writing: A Remedy for the Country

A Remedy for the Country, § 32

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§ 32

Having sought in this way to fulfil the first three parts of the promise I gave at the beginning, it is now incumbent upon me to finally lay my own simple proposal before the eyes of my attentive reader. In so doing I shall, no less than in the preceding, attempt to disentangle the matter from all the complex circumstances that would otherwise, on such a topic, make the proposal obscure or ambiguous.

For that purpose I will first refer to what was said at the outset concerning a natural financial system, namely that everyone should be entitled to receive for a negotiable commodity a cash payment corresponding to it in value and that no one should be importuned to be satisfied with a mere stamp or illusions.

As paper money is almost the only currency among us that does not in itself possess any intrinsic value and has now undergone such manifold changes for the reasons stated above, it is in my opinion necessary to clearly elucidate, first, how large a quantity of fine silver will be calculated for each paper daler; that is, how many mark and daler of the paper money will be reckoned against 1 riksdaler specie, which must (N.B.) be adjusted to the resources of the Bank but principally to the approximate value that the commodities currently represent and on which most productive occupations are based, which should be established once and for all and for which the Bank should undertake to sooner or later redeem its notes with silver or negotiable commodities.

As for the monetary system during the last century, both on account of the instability of the copper coinage against the silver coinage and of the promissory notes of the Bank1 that were already current at that time, which were even then inferior in value to all other coin and in the same way as now caused the exchange rate to rise because the Bank was not able to offer prompt payment for them, Count Gustaf Bonde2 says in his Indefeasible Thoughts on the Instability of the Coinage3 at that time, dated Stockholm, 28 October 1664: “That it was first of all necessary that the coinage should remain at a fixed price, so that as it is paid out by one person it will also be accepted by the other, and it causes less confusion and harm when it is reckoned at a fixed one (even if that exceeds its worth) than when one is unsure of its value.” He then adds something concerning the res nummaria4 in Rome and from that concludes the following: “From this and much more one can assess and deduce the necessity of the coinage in every kingdom having a fixed value and being maintained at that, if one wishes to avoid the ruin of one’s subjects, the oppression of the pauper, who, due to his destitution and great distress, has to accept what he is given and spend it again, at whatever level the rich man will accept.

“It is for that reason necessary,” he continues, “should one wish to avoid the punishment of God, that we enact such things in our dear fatherland, especially when one considers the petitions and laments concerning this confusion that were presented by the Estates to the Government during the last Diet, or else we risk God’s vengeance for the sighs of the poor man and ultimately an upheaval in the kingdom, the suppression of which, once the fire were lit, would not only turn out to be difficult but also risky.

“Furthermore, to demonstrate its harmfulness in commerce and so forth is excessive and superfluous, as no one is likely to have any doubts about this any longer.”

Towards the end of the same treatise he says further: “As all this”, namely, what he had proposed for the maintenance of the Bank, “must be applied to everyone, on the authority and with the guarantee of the Government, it would not seem inadvisable for the Government to inform itself about the condition of the Bank in respect of debits and credits and then plan and appoint its administration as required, in order that such a salutary enterprise should not again fall into such a maze and hazard and then find itself in circumstances when public opinion may not be as tolerant as it is now.”

How large this quantity of silver should really be, or how many daler and mark ought to be calculated for 1 riksdaler specie, I would not set out in detail, but I venture to assert that if the exchange rate is reduced below 70 mark per riksdaler, the productive occupations will suffer a terrible shock and the Bank be severely affected, and to now raise it slightly above 70 mark would be to unnecessarily raise the tale-value and reduce the real value of the sums of banknotes. I am therefore of the opinion that, in order to avoid fractional arithmetic, it would be best to establish the rate at 72 mark, as the net mark and daler denominations of 1715 would then be doubled, and the commodities will also be virtually in balance with that, or rather be based on a higher than a lower exchange rate.


  1. the promissory notes of the Bank: this refers to Stockholm Banco, which was started in 1656 and was the first bank in Sweden. It is also called Palmstruchska banken, after its founder, Johan Palmstruch. In 1661–4 it issued the first banknotes in Europe. As a consequence of its issuing too many banknotes, their value fell and there was a classic bank run that ended with the bank having to close down. After some years (1668) the Bank of the Estates (Ständernas bank) was inaugurated.
  2. Carl Gustaf Bonde (1620–67) was a great landowner, and finance minister (riksskattemästare) from 1660 to his death.
  3. Indefeasible Thoughts: the memorial “Mine oförgripelige tankar öfwer närwarande Myntetz ostadigheet . . .” was attached to the minutes of the Council of the Realm of 28 October 1664.
  4. res nummaria: Latin for “money business” or “financial operations”.

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