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Writing: A Remedy for the Country

A Remedy for the Country, § 31

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§ 31

There has been much talk recently of the utility and necessity of loans of silver by the Bank for the conversion of the banknotes, so that before I present my own proposal for remedying our finances, I should also comment on this matter.

To purchase silver for the minting of riksdaler in exchange for the fund of plåtar deposited in the Bank or any other negotiable commodity that is held by or will in future be paid into the Bank would, in my opinion, be quite effective in getting the silver currency into circulation, provided (N.B.) that the banknotes are given a fixed value that will remain unchanged against silver, for otherwise it will be of no benefit, but to borrow silver is directly contrary to the aim, which is the reduction and conversion of the stock of banknotes.

The borrowing of silver can be carried out in three ways.

The first is to raise a foreign loan against the bonds of the Bank, to which annual interest has to be transferred; for example: if the Bank had raised a loan of 400,000 riksdaler from a foreign bank, at 4 per cent, for the conversion of the banknotes, that loan would cost our Bank 16,000 riksdaler in annual interest or, at a 72-mark rate, 288,000 daler kmt, that is, almost 1 tunna guld. Against that the Bank has issued its note or debenture to the same number of riksdaler that is regarded by the Bank as equivalent to the aforementioned sum of riksdaler.

Should that foreign loan remain unpaid for 12½ years, the interest will already amount to 200,000 riksdaler, or half the capital, but if the kingdom should be unable to pay it off until after 25 years, even if the loan in the meantime were to be moved from one bank to another, the foreigners will have doubled their amount of riksdaler by such a loan, at Sweden’s expense.

Whether such things increase or reduce the stock of silver in Sweden, help or hinder conversion and consequently benefit or harm the finances of the country does not appear to require further proof. One may in other respects adduce whatever considerations one wishes and accuse those who dislike the loans of either ignorance or ill will, yet plain truths can never be disputed or change their nature, for they are immutable.

Note further, dear reader! What has the Bank in such a case given foreigners as a surety for this stock of silver? Nothing but its note or promissory note for a certain term of repayment, based on the credit of the Realm and the guarantee of the Estates of the Realm. What are our bank deposit-receipts other than the bonds of the Bank? If the Bank has now been able to provide some new bonds, which had not previously possessed any value, with a security equal to that of silver or riksdaler, then it is obvious that the Bank could by the same means far more easily have maintained its old bonds at the same value that they had already more or less possessed previously. What, then, is the advantage of such a measure?

First, the stock of banknotes is thereby increased by 400,000 riksdaler, that is, at a 72-mark rate, by 24 tunnor guld, until that can be converted into an equivalent sum of banknotes.

Second, the Bank and the finances of the Realm lose thereby annually quite unnecessarily 16,000 riksdaler in interest, which could have been entirely avoided if the Bank had stabilized the value of its old promissory notes in the same way as it has done with that of the new one; for whereas it has to pay for the new one, it annually receives interest from the borrowers of the old ones, in consequence of which it has had to use these 16,000 riksdaler every year to redeem more banknotes, which must now disappear.

Third, once the conversion of these 24 tunnor guld has taken place, the stock of banknotes is just as large, and the Bank is just as much at risk at the expiry date of its promissory note of being descended upon by foreigners as it otherwise would have had to fear being descended upon by Swedes.

Fourth, if the Bank expects by the expiry date of its large bond to be in possession of such a large amount of silver as needs to be paid out to redeem it, why are Swedish subjects not immediately assured of that? I am sure that they are not in any way more mistrustful than foreigners, as long as they are offered the same security.

The second way is that the silver loan can also be provided by native merchants or capitalists, if they are tempted by advantageous terms to accumulate silver and, in exchange for bonds, to make deposits of it in the Bank.

Exactly the same applies to this loan as to the former one, for what are these bonds other than new banknotes, which, whoever possesses them, always retain the same value against silver, provided that the Bank does not refuse payment at the prescribed time?

The loss to the Bank will in both cases be precisely the same, the only difference being that in the former a foreigner but in the latter a Swede draws assets from the Bank.

If these bonds have an equivalent value against silver, which they necessarily must have before anyone will risk his silver for them, then I ask again: why, then, can the other bonds of the Bank, for the redemption of which such a loan is regarded as necessary, not be given the same form and security as the new ones? Would it not then have been possible to dispense with the loan altogether and save the interest?

The third way to obtain silver for the Bank for the conversion of the banknotes is to buy up silver for the minting of riksdaler with the banknotes that come into the Bank.

When one knows what a banknote is, namely the Bank’s bond for the sum that the possessor of the note can claim in the Bank, one will readily understand that when the Bank, in whatever manner, has redeemed its promissory note but immediately issues it again or a new one for an equivalent sum, that is in itself nothing but a new loan, with the difference from the two preceding methods of borrowing that the Bank in this case avoids paying the interest for the borrowed sum of silver, which in the two previous cases it has to acknowledge.

Nor is the stock of banknotes diminished in this case. Here the banknote loses its value; that is to say, the silver lod comes to represent a larger number of daler as soon as the Bank begins to purchase large amounts of silver with notes. In short: turn the matter over any way you like, it is still much ado about nothing.

 

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