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Writing: A Remedy for the Country

A Remedy for the Country, § 3

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§ 3

As long as no one knows my needs better than I do myself, and since no one is prepared to provide me with my necessities, I should have the right, according to the laws of nature and of Sweden, to obtain them through commerce.

Commerce is thus nothing but an exchange of commodities in amity and with the consent of buyer and seller, by which people provide each other with what they need. All commodities are produced by toil and labour, but their quantity and supply and the demand for them establish their natural value in relation to other commodities.

Such an amicably arranged exchange of commodities, whether among citizens domestically or with foreigners, should be conducted on both sides without deceit and trickery, unless we wish to trample openly on the very foundations of all natural law.

The more precious metals, such as gold and silver, have gained such general popularity throughout the world due to their attractiveness, durability, rarity and easy mobility that they, more than all other commodities, are willingly received and exchanged for others and have on that account become a universal measure in commerce.

These more precious metals nonetheless have an unstable value, firstly among themselves and secondly in relation to other commodities, according to whether the supply of and demand for the latter are lower or higher.

When one considers that coins are nothing but larger or smaller stamped portions of these metals that the seller receives in exchange for his commodity, he ought to be aware how much of these metals those coins contain; if he does not know that, he is acting blindly. If he believes that they contain more than they do and bases his purchase on that understanding, he will be deceived.

No one can justify such commerce unless he is willing to assert that injustice and deception are permissible means by which to enrich oneself, and such a deed is in no way made better even if it is authorized by rulers through monetary regulations, and least of all ought one to hope that such things, being contrary to the laws of God and nature, are able to produce lasting wealth for any society.

As these more precious metals can be mixed in innumerable ways with inferior ones and yet preserve their former appearance, and as their actual intrinsic worth cannot be ascertained without great difficulty through the art of assaying, one is very liable to be mistaken about them, and that all the more easily the more frequently the standard of coinage is changed and the more secret that alteration can be kept.

 

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