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Writing: A Remedy for the Country

A Remedy for the Country, § 29

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§ 29

Sixth, the lowering of the exchange rate impedes the negotiability of all ready coin as long as any banknotes are in circulation.

Everyone is likely to agree that our financial measures have as their chief purpose to bring good coin back into circulation among us, as it is undeniable that while the rate has been unstable, good coin has completely disappeared. But whether such a purpose can ever be achieved by this means is something worth reflecting on.

If 1 riksdaler specie had moved directly from 9 to 27 daler and then remained there, the riksdaler could afterwards have circulated just as well as before, along with the banknotes, even if there had been a drastic reduction in the value of the banknotes. But while the rate was fluctuating, so that I could purchase one riksdaler for two 9-daler notes one year but for three the next year, and then back again to two, although the riksdaler is and remains the same, there was no possibility of using it or any other coin with an intrinsic value in circulation along with the banknotes, which were thrown up and down by the exchange rate.

The coins will be regarded by the enterprises partly as a yardstick by which the value of other commodities is measured, partly also as commodities with which the others are paid for. Whichever way one looks at them, they can never flourish alongside the banknotes if the value of the latter is unstable. The riksdaler is and remains a constant yardstick, as long as it contains a certain quantity of silver. The banknote, however, as has already been shown at the beginning, is, when subject to a falling exchange rate, like an ell-measure that is extended every year by a few inches yet is still called an ell. As absurd as it is to use two ell-measures in a retail shop, one constant and the other expanding, which must cause indescribable confusion, is it also to use a stable and at the same time a falling tale-value in commerce.

If we regard the coins as a commodity with which we obtain other commodities by exchange, as they really ought to be, in which regard the banknote also contains as much silver, copper or gold as the Bank or anyone else is willing to pay for it, though the Bank or bill-dealers are willing to pay for one and the same sum of 9,000 daler in banknotes 514 2/7 riksdaler this year and a few years later 1,000 riksdaler, then I ask with good reason what the true value of the banknotes is or how riksdaler and other assets can flourish alongside banknotes when the distrust among the general public regarding the successful outcome of the new measure cannot be dispelled.

When we now recall that several tunnor guld annually enter the Bank, that the stock of banknotes gives rise to speculation during a falling exchange rate and has to be withdrawn from productive occupations and enterprises, as was demonstrated above, and finally that sums of ready money, for the reasons just given, cannot relieve the shortage or be profitably employed in the enterprises as long as there are any banknotes, then it will be obvious to every sensible person what a shortage of money, without any genuine shortage, what stagnation in commerce and productive occupations, and, finally, what poverty and distress all that must give rise to in the country.

It is argued against such a stagnation in the productive occupations that, as long as the circulating stock of banknotes is much greater than it was five or six years ago and the commodity prices remain high, the productive occupations cannot possibly be stifled by any shortage of money, which would also be true if (N.B.) the money could be profitably circulated. As it is removed from circulation, however, by a financial measure such as lowering the exchange rate, such a hope, which is already refuted by actual experience, is soon likely to reveal its fragility even more.

 

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