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Writing: A Remedy for the Country

A Remedy for the Country, § 38

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§ 38

In case the reader should hear this scheme denounced as threatening a bankruptcy that would unsettle the kingdom’s credit and be dishonourable for a country, he should not allow himself to be intimidated by that but quietly reflect on the matter. I merely wish to state with regard to this:

First, that it has already been demonstrated above, with arguments, that the denominations daler, mark and öre have not for several centuries past, either for copper or silver coins, denoted any specific quantity of silver or copper that one would now fully accept as finite, but have undergone the very greatest transformations, to the harm of the nation.

There cannot thus be any demonstrable danger of a bankruptcy here, as the daler in slantar and the paper daler will, at a 72-mark rate, remain virtually identical, unless one wishes to similarly describe the minting of slantar as a four-ninths bankruptcy, which is nonetheless authorized by our monetary regulations.

Second, if this were a case of bankruptcy, then it has already been shown that it is by no means the first one in Sweden but that such cases have occurred from as far back as the ninth century to the present time, when a mark in coin has been devalued from 16 lod of fine silver, at the exchange rate now stabilized at 70 mark, to approximately 1/35th of a lod, and the daler in the same proportion. If bankruptcy is to be avoided and the credit of the country to be maintained by lowering the tale-value, the question will be when one ought to begin: in the year 800, 1600, 1670, 1715 or 1760? Unless we start with the first-mentioned year, I shall, with precisely the same arguments that are used now, prove the bankruptcy. People may respond to me: we are not responsible for what happened before, as long as we take care that it does not happen in our time; and I intend to give the same reply to those who would accuse us of causing a bankruptcy, because that is something for which the Estates of the Realm now assembled are not responsible and have no part in, for already long ago and before the Diet of 1761 the tale-value had been raised in all commerce, while riksdaler specie were not purchased for less than 18 daler but well above that during the following years.

For whatever reason this may have happened, in accordance with or against the law, owing to the Government’s own regulations, as was shown above, or to usurers, it is nonetheless known throughout Europe that it really did happen and that all commodity prices have already adjusted themselves to it and, if that were disturbed, would fall into a similar but more painful confusion than that in which they had been during the rising exchange rate, when a high daler denomination encouraged producers to work hard, whereas its fall will on the contrary have a stifling effect on every kind of trade.

The nation undoubtedly desires to escape from the chaos once and for all by means of the prudent and well-judged measure of the Government, with the least possible impact on the country, but by no means necessarily to restore the financial system, by a long and hazardous process, to the same condition in which it was established in 1715, as it has not been determined whether that particular change was the best one or whether lowering the tale-value, which had often been attempted before but had always upset the productive occupations and never before proved feasible, could now be implemented.

Third, no one will now suffer more from this except those who have for 20-odd years allowed their holdings of banknotes to lie idle. He who has saved some assets of value retains their full value, and those who now hold the largest sums of banknotes are certainly those least entitled to have them converted at 36 mark, as they themselves have after all obtained them for half or a third of their value from others when the rate was high, and I do not understand by what kind of patriotism one can defend the practice of paying foreigners, after the passage of a few years, for all banknotes, debentures of the Paymaster General’s Office and all promissory notes of private individuals, which were issued at a high rate of exchange and made payable in daler kmt, two or three times as many riksdaler as those foreigners had obtained them for, all of which would largely be avoided if the banknote were once and for all made payable by a certain quantity of silver. Fourth, borrowers are presumably more numerous in this country than lenders, or at least it is essentially the productive occupations that make use of loans but capitalists and usurers who provide them. Which of these does the reader think deserve more sympathy?

During a falling exchange rate the indigent borrower will lose all he has, but at a stabilized rate neither of them, and if capitalists have indeed lost something, that has happened before and they are also those best able to bear it. How can such manifest truths be denied?

Fifth, if the Bank, due to this bankruptcy, if one is to call it that, should gain some additional strength as the loans are repaid, that would by no means be a bad thing; the Crown owes a debt to the Bank of several hundred tunnor guld, and the nation is weighed down merely by the payment of interest on it. The more wealthy the Bank were to become, therefore, the sooner would it be able on that basis to redeem its notes and its credit be restored, and the more easily could the Bank rescind its claim on the Crown, to the relief of all subjects, which will otherwise exhaust us and our children and always make matters related to our votes of supply awkward for the Sovereign Power and odious to the nation.

Sixth, such kinds of bankruptcy and far larger and more far-reaching ones are not uncommon in Sweden or other countries, without their losing credit on that account. I merely wish to cite two examples.

The token coins1 that were stamped as 1 daler smt did lose a considerable amount of their stamped value in trading, so that the commodities purchased with token coins rose in price by 200 or 300 per cent, but the Government itself forced them down in one year by more than 1,000 per cent and at a stroke turned many capitalists into beggars. But at the same time and by so doing, the kingdom recovered its credit.

But nothing is now said about lowering or in the slightest debasing the value of the banknote but only about maintaining the value that it already in fact possesses, as almost the only currency in the country now acceptable in commerce and among producers. At that time the token coins were instantly reduced to one ninety-sixth of their stamped value but the banknote, even in comparison to our best daler in the monetary table of 1715, to no more than half of what it originally represented, although it has been demonstrated above that it had not at the outset possessed any specific fixed value, and yet such things are said to be unprecedented.

The Bank in France2 closed down its operations at about the same time as Sweden devalued its token coins, but in what manner? Well, with a bankruptcy of 3,000 million livres or, by the Swedish method of reckoning, 20,000 tunnor guld, which amounts to about 50 times the amount of our entire stock of banknotes, whereby the Crown at once escaped from its debt.

Did France after this bankruptcy not have more solid credit than before? Or why does one decry the safest means of restoring a true credit, based on solid assets, as being the most dangerous to it?

The Swedish paper currency loses nothing of its present value by this arrangement; all its losses were incurred earlier. And those of us must be excessively naive and gullible who allow themselves to be persuaded that a foreigner or native who at present possesses sums of banknotes has actually given one riksdaler specie or a 9-daler plåt for each 9-daler banknote, or commodities to their value, and yet they are not ashamed to demand that of the Bank.

It is by no means only the rights of those who now possess banknotes that are taken away by a settled exchange rate, but those of the whole nation. To restore the nation’s rights now by lowering the exchange rate and thereby discouraging the productive occupations will, in my view, be the most hazardous measure of all.


  1. token coins: Chydenius here refers to the issue of nödmynt between 1715 and 1718 and the crisis that followed; see § 4, note 1 above.
  2. The bank in France: refers to John Law’s Banque Générale, which started its operations in 1716. The bank was private but three-quarters of the capital consisted of government bills and government-accepted notes. In practice it was the first central bank in France. Finance minister John Law was responsible for the Mississippi Bubble and the chaotic economic collapse in France in 1718.

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