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Writing: Memorial Regarding Freedom of Religion

Memorial Regarding Freedom of Religion

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Memorial Regarding Freedom of Religion

By Anders Chydenius, Dean and Rector of Kokkola. Stockholm. Printed at the Royal Printing-Press, 1779.

Submitted to the most Reverend Estate of Clergy on 11 January 1779. Read to the most Reverend Estate of Clergy on 18 January 1779.

At a time when the inhabitants of Sweden, under the rule of a gentle and wise King, are almost the only people in Europe to enjoy perfect internal and external peace, we cannot but be profoundly moved by the terrible wars, horrendous events and persecutions that are now rapidly spreading in several parts of the world.

Could anything then be more well advised, more in accord with a righteous Christian love for humankind as a whole, more suited to the noble spirit of unity and liberty that befits a fortunate nation and to the true interest of our blessed but underpopulated fatherland than that we, at just such a juncture, should tenderly open our arms to all those unfortunates who already are or may in future be deprived of a sanctuary in their native countries and therefore yearn to move elsewhere in search of some protection from violence and oppression for themselves, for their wives and children, and for their property?

Those who mock our Christian faith, who, by their unbridled freedom of thought, have sought to tear apart all moral philosophy that is consonant with the Word of God and with common sense, have both in this and other countries, though often without reason, sought to cast a dark shadow of intolerance over the Spiritual Estate as being a main cause of the frequent oppression of humanity and the obstruction of the growth and improvement of countries. Would it not then be worthy of the most Reverend Estate if, precisely in an auspicious era, when the Estates of the Realm have been enabled to transfer the weight of the administration of the realm onto the shoulders of their gracious and wise King,1 it were able to persuade the whole world of the zeal with which the clergy of Sweden mildly and patiently desire to follow the elevated and holy example of their head, the Saviour of the whole world?

We are fortunate to live at a time when the gentle hand of Providence, during a period of blessed internal calm, has vouchsafed us a great blessing in our Royal Family, which awakens in all our hearts, in addition to heartfelt joy, a mutual emulation to accomplish works of charity and noble deeds; could any aim, then, be worthier of the most Reverend Estate than to likewise diligently strive on its own part towards such blessed ends?

His Royal Majesty has at this juncture opened his tender heart to many wretches and unfortunates within the borders of the Kingdom of Sweden by His gracious and recently issued Proclamation of Amnesty.2 Would it not then be an adornment to the most Reverend Estate if it were to seek to persuade His Majesty by humble representations to extend a General Decree of Peace to such fellow beings, even beyond the borders of the Kingdom, who, without having forfeited their civic rights through any vices, have nonetheless been deprived of a fatherland by oppression and persecutions, so that Sweden may become a longed-for refuge for them all and the lofty name of our Most Gracious King become as beloved to them as it already is to all his loyal subjects?

There is not a Swedish citizen who does not know how willing His Majesty is to show mercy to unfortunates. And, as love and compassion in all respects are incumbent upon those to whom the holy ministry of preaching has been entrusted, and as it is certainly the duty of our Estate to set a good example to others in that regard, a humble statement by the most Reverend Estate on this matter would also certainly not fail to influence a King whose great magnanimity can only view with gracious pleasure every proposal that will promote the progress of the Fatherland and the salvation of humanity.

Our native land suffers from an overall deficit of population. Farmers complain about the shortage of labourers, factories and workshops lack craftsmen, and a general outcry is heard from masters regarding the expense of engaging servants. It will inevitably take a long time before native Swedes can satisfy all these deficiencies. Has not the right time arrived, then, to simultaneously lift the barriers and welcome useful people to increase the strength of the Kingdom and ease our burdens?

The prejudices that led to efforts to eradicate heterodox opinions by means of constraint of conscience and persecutions have, thank God, long since been dispelled, and it is precisely our Evangelical co-religionists,3 especially in the southern countries of Europe, who have been the most pitiable victims of such efforts.

Actual experience and universal history provide incontrovertible proof that, with the blessing of God, mildness, patience, enlightenment and gentle instruction are the only means by which people who have gone astray may truly be converted. And may any such lack of faith in God’s revealed Word and our holy Evangelical doctrine be banished from all of us who constitute the clergy of the Kingdom of Sweden that might cause us to fear some alteration in them merely because a few strangers might settle among us, including some of other religions, who, if they do not immediately accept our faith, quietly and peacefully worship the Eternal and Almighty God, our common Father, each according to his own conviction. No, Stockholm has not become Calvinist, although members of the Reformed Church have conducted public services here for several years. Denmark is not Jewish, although that unhappy people lives there in peace and publicly attends its synagogues. Prussia is not Roman Catholic,4 although these and all other foreign believers are free to practise their religion there.

In view of all this, I most humbly request permission to propose that the most Reverend Estate, in consultation with the other respective Estates, would think fit to humbly propose to His Royal Majesty that he may graciously decree:

1 That all foreigners, of whatever age, civil status, sex or creed they may be, who hereafter wish to immigrate to Sweden and its subordinate provinces to reside there and support themselves by honest work, shall be entirely free to do so, at least in the larger staple towns of the Kingdom, with the most gracious assurance of the same royal patronage and protection as all other subjects of the Swedish Realm, from the day on which they swear allegiance to His Royal Majesty, which might be done in the Magistrates’ Court of the first town in which they arrive. And to that end not the slightest difficulty shall be imposed at the borders concerning passports, but it shall merely be recorded which of them have been provided with these and which not. However, the King’s peace shall not extend to those who, within a certain time after their arrival, are found to have fled their home countries because of serious crimes.

2 That all arriving foreigners shall be assured by His Royal Majesty of complete freedom of conscience for themselves, their children and descendants, and each be permitted to practise his own religion quietly and without being allowed to cause offence to our native communities, though with the strictest proviso that they neither secretly nor publicly seek to inveigle anyone into apostasy from the pure Evangelical Lutheran doctrine, on penalty of confiscation of all their property and permanent expulsion; as also, that no one of a foreign religion shall, in accordance with the constitution of the realm, be allowed to occupy any higher or lower office. The difficulties that may arise with regard to their marriages, infant baptisms and education would, in my humble opinion, be most advantageously overcome if all marriages between a follower of a foreign religion and an Evangelical Lutheran were sanctioned by a wedding according to our Church rituals, while it should be obligatory for all children that result from these marriages to be baptized by our clergy in accordance with the Statute on Religion, be brought up in our Evangelical Faith and remain in our Congregation. But that all who are born into another religion on both their mother’s and their father’s side likewise be allowed to be brought up in their own religion.

3 That all immigrants, whether foreigners or Swedes who, for various reasons, have previously emigrated, shall be allowed, in town or country, wherever they are able to settle with the appropriate permission, to individually practise, without any restriction, some craft, trade, art or science by which they are able and willing to support themselves and their families in accordance with the statutes and regulations that His Royal Majesty shall think fit to promulgate, and that they shall not, on the other hand, be burdened with heavier imposts than native Swedes incur in pursuit of their occupation.

The advantages of such a charter of freedom would seem obvious.

The sacred name of our Great King would thereby come to be revered among most nations in the world. All who are oppressed, all unfortunates would bless the mildness of our Sovereign and hasten to seek shelter under His wings, and the Kingdom would gain a very rich harvest from the bloody wars of other nations that would consist of a multitude of working citizens. Agriculture, factories and craft production could be developed to a higher level and the burdens of the State, borne by a greater number of shoulders, become more tolerable for its previous inhabitants.

Sweden would then also have the pleasure of seeing those of its children who, for a variety of reasons, have emigrated, who still think with affection of their fatherland, returning in large numbers to share the joy with their brethren and reap the blessings of the felicitous era of Gustavus III.

Nor is this a new issue. Wise rulers have well understood how to increase the strength and reputation of their realms by such immigration. Prussia would never have become such a powerful kingdom so rapidly without it. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany,5 a Roman Catholic state, owes its rapid progress to a general freedom of religion and commerce. France, which is so deeply in thrall to Catholicism, already appears to be considering toleration for Protestants, and even the remotest part of the world has, by tolerating various religions, attracted many thousands of families from Europe. At this precise moment the time appears to have come for Sweden to likewise win such blessed spoils by means of the same liberty.

Moved by the misfortunes of my fellow beings and concerned for the progress and strength of my native land, I have, with the most profound reverence for our pure and Evangelical faith and the sincerest good intentions, expressed my thoughts, which I most humbly submit to the careful and considered examination of the most Reverend Estate, and I rejoice to be allowed also to present them for the most enlightened scrutiny of our mild King, who is certainly destined by High Providence to become a blessed protector of all oppressed individuals and to make his Kingdom great and his subjects happy.

Anders Chydenius


  1. . . . transfer the weight of the administration: refers to the “revolution” of 1772 with the new constitution by which Gustavus III transferred most of the power from the estates to himself.
  2. Proclamation of Amnesty: proclamations of amnesty and pardon for soldiers who had fled their duty were issued at several times during the Age of Liberty and the reign of Gustavus III, including in 1779. They offered pardon to a returning soldier who otherwise would have had to face the death penalty for desertion. In 1779 there was a more general amnesty issued in favour of persons who had been sentenced to death, whose penalty was instead commuted to a prison sentence. We do not know whether Chydenius is referring here to the said proclamation or to the amnesty for the latter.
  3. Evangelical co-religionists: refers especially to Calvinists.
  4. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, monarchs in Brandenburg-Prussia were generally inclined to encourage immigration of economically productive elements, particularly peasants, into the more backward and underpopulated areas of the state, especially after the Thirty Years War. Alongside this, Frederick II (“the Great”, 1712–86) established religious tolerance, which made it possible for other worshippers to reside in Brandenburg, and particularly in Berlin. Frederick was an enlightened monarch who combined paternalism with liberal reforms such as freedom of the press, religious tolerance, individual protection against the law, including the abolition of torture, and making death sentences legal only with his personal sanction.
  5. Grand Duchy of Tuscany: the Grand Archduke at the time was Leopold I (1765–90). See The Answer to the Question on Rural Trade, § 16

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