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Writing: Proposal for the Improvement of Lapland

Proposal for the Improvement of Lapland

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Proposal for the Improvement of Lapland by A. Chydenius1

 

When we look solicitously at the resources of the country in people and commodities we note with mortification that large regions of it are entirely uninhabited and the others in the worrying situation that they cannot retain in their industries even the number of people that they actually have, though each of them suffers from a lack of workers who are now in multitudes leaving the fatherland and enriching our neighbours.

Nothing could therefore be more honourable for our time and advantageous for our posterity than to conceive of and carry out the measures and steps by which remote and uninhabited regions of the kingdom could be filled with productive citizens.

The Lappmarken region that lies within the borders of Sweden is such an extensive territory that the populating of it cannot be regarded as a matter of minor significance to consider. And although this part of our north is generally held to be in many respects ill-favoured by nature, we should nonetheless never harbour the thought that it could not even be inhabited.

Experience has convinced us that all artificial means that are employed to increase the number of people in a country or in industries by means of subsidies or any other measures that burden the rest of the state, are completely futile and never lead to the right outcome but end by producing some laborious arrangements that enrich a few persons but never pay for themselves in the long run.

Nature must be allowed to operate spontaneously in such matters, while the Government should only, as far as possible, remove the obstacles imposed on the population itself by the legislation adopted.

In this the Government ought to occupy itself with only three things. Namely

Firstly, to set aside a certain region of the uninhabited territories in the kingdom for indigenous or foreign men to be able to settle there without hindrance and support themselves as best they can. NB: All privileges and preferential rights, whatever name they may have, will be entirely without force within that boundary.

Secondly, to maintain the justice system, that is separate them by mine and yours, and examine and judge their moral actions under the law.

Thirdly, for such protection the Crown should, after the passage of a certain number of years of exemption, receive some considerable amount of tax.

With regard to the first of these, as such a general freedom of trade in Sweden can only be considered as a new experiment, which would seem to encroach on the preferential rights and privileges previously gained by citizens in relation to each other, it is necessary to designate for that a region that is found to have previously been very sparsely inhabited by people or whose inhabitants, through their livelihoods, formerly regulated with the help of the administration, contribute little to the maintenance of the state and the kingdom.

The Swedish Crown, the subject territory of which is for the greater part almost deserted, does not need to search laboriously for the most suitable place for such a new experiment.

Its extensive and almost entirely uninhabited Lappmarken region is without doubt the right one. There the part that borders on Norway, which consists mostly of mountains, sandy heaths, marshes and bogs together with larger and smaller lakes, is hardly inhabited by any others than a few nomadic Sami people, a region that according to our hitherto established economic maxims can have all the less hope of any increase in population as the provinces of the kingdom that occupy regions with a milder climate are unable to retain their own inhabitants or prevent widespread emigration.

Thus the boundary for a general freedom of trade ought to extend along the western and northern side of the Swedish frontier, towards the south in the valley of the Ume river from the watershed in the mountains to the lower end of the lake Storuman, from where a line should be drawn northward to embrace the Sami villages of Ran and Gran in the Umeå Sami district, the villages of Sör- and Norrvāsterby2 and Luokta in the Piteå Sami district, the villages of Kalasvuoma and Saarivuoma and the upper half of Enontekiö in the Torneå Sami district, and of the Kemi Sami district everything that lies north of the mountain watershed,3 from where the watercourses flow into the Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean.

All who wish to settle within that boundary, whether natives or foreigners, of whatever estate, condition, form of livelihood or privileged status they may be, who are of the Lutheran or Reformed religion, should above all possess the same rights and privileges, apart from what is due by law to the requisite officials in the actual performance of their office. Every traveller, as long as he resides within that boundary, should likewise enjoy the same freedom as its own inhabitants.

But in order that an enterprising resident should not now find an opportunity to usurp more land than he has time to cultivate, or to exclude or coerce his gentle neighbour, should not, when he takes up domestic residence anywhere, have the right to occupy any larger area than at most half a square [Swedish] mile. And if others wish to settle in one place, he should still not have a right to more space.

The few pioneer settlements that may previously have been established in that region should remain in undisturbed enjoyment of all their existing advantages, though without the right to appropriate unused woods and land or to exclude others from the use of fisheries, and likewise be left NB. under the restrictions of their former livelihood as long as they wish; but as soon as they come to share in the rights of the others to any extent they should likewise participate in the same duties.

Along with that freedom of residence, which is in itself no more than permission for that which no one had so far wanted to do, or rather that which everyone had been averse to accepting, all who live and reside within that boundary should be entitled to a complete and unrestricted freedom of trade, and as one cannot say in advance either what advantages nature has provided in this uninhabited land or what form of livelihood may be pursued by its inhabitants now or in the future, it is necessary that no laws or statutes be passed for them in that regard or that they should be troubled in any way by inspectors in their trade, but they should be granted an equally unlimited right both to make use of all the advantages and resources of the land, both known and unknown, as well as to work up all internal and foreign commodities as best they may.

As commodities are never produced without the prospect of a quick disposal and it is still unknown what kinds of commodities can be generated here, it is necessary that they should also possess a complete and unrestricted freedom to dispose of the products of their land internally and abroad in towns and in the countryside and to acquire whatever they may be in need of.

But as there is as yet little hope of any such extensive manufactures, from which a population of any size could subsist, especially in view of the remoteness of the region, and as experience shows that a free transit trade often feeds thousands of people on bare rocks, the inhabitants should also possess complete freedom to transport goods that are lawful for import or export between all three kingdoms,4 but with the express proviso that within the boundaries of this region, with whatever goods they trade, they will never be troubled with any supervision and confiscations, although outside it they will indeed be treated and judged according to the economic and commercial laws of the realm, except for what is noted immediately above about the free disposal of their commodities.

These are now the principal rights that the inhabitants of Lappmarken ought to be granted and by which, under the mild blessing of God, one may hope that it will become populated to the power and honour of the Swedish Crown. Here no bounties, advances or expenses are ventured on an uncertain outcome, here no citizen is taxed to help put its inhabitants on their feet. Here the state is not burdened with new officials, here no one is placed under pressure to move there.

Could anyone hesitate to grant them such advantages, when millions of citizens’ property have without difficulty been sacrificed for the establishment of factories and manufactures, which might possibly, if free and without them, have progressed further than they have now done.

But as such economically free settlers in Lappmarken nonetheless require a threefold oversight if they are to be reasonably happy, certain duties are also required of them if they are otherwise to maintain themselves.

One is a dedicated care for their souls, the second is that they enjoy peace among themselves, the third that they are protected from external assault.

For the first it is necessary that they are provided by the Government with conscientious and zealous priests, to whom the Government initially, as has been the common practice, pays part of their salaries, until the people increase to such an extent that they will themselves be able to duly pay them, which should be done under an agreement arrived at in the presence of the county governors and delegates from the consistories and confirmed by the Government.

In order to maintain internal peace and security they ought at first, and until they find themselves able to support their own judges, be subject to their existing jurisdictional districts, which are to adjudicate the conflicts and criminal cases that arise between them; but as soon as they can form some communities by themselves, they should then have the freedom, in the manner that is most convenient to them, to select their own judges, in whom they have developed the greatest trust, who must, however, of necessity be changed every third year and for whose maintenance they should also make due provision as long as he holds the judicial office.


  1. Heading added later in another hand.
  2. Now Mahasvuoma and Njarg.
  3. the mountain watershed: fi. Maanselkä, which separates the waterways flowing into the Baltic Sea and the Arctic Ocean. Chydenius concerns only the northern side of the watershed and presumes that some of the waters from there run into the Atlantic Ocean.
  4. all three kingdoms: Sweden, Denmark-Norway and Russia

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