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Writing: Answer to the Question on Rural Trade

Answer to the Question on Rural Trade, § 17

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§ 17

The reasons for the utility of the rural trade thus appear, on the basis of what has been adduced, both by rational deductions and from internal and foreign experience in earlier and more recent times, to have been so clearly demonstrated that there ought to be no argument against them. In order to decide this question fully it therefore seems appropriate to examine how legislators, in opposition to such obvious truths, have come to infringe the rights of nature.

In this connection I ought to note in particular that the reasons given for legislation are often quite different from its true incentives; both are worth knowing in the case of a law of this nature.

When regulations are issued against rural trade, the most common arguments used are the following: the most general and principal one is that, as urban and rural occupations naturally differ widely from one another, a careful distinction should be observed between them in a well­ordered state, so that the countryman does not engage in trade or the townsman occupy himself with purchasing the produce of the countryman and transporting it to the town, to the detriment of other townsmen, who could otherwise have obtained those commodities directly from the countryman himself. But I venture to ask at this point from where that difference is derived. Is it founded in nature or its laws? That can never be demonstrated. Or is it necessary to sustain societies? Have there not in every one of the ages of the world been fortunate societies in which that difference has not been observed? Is a townsman not often engaged in farming and cattle breeding, and that not only for his own requirements but also for the market? Why should the countryman then not be able to obtain townsmen’s wares and also supply others with them, when the townsmen themselves are unwilling to provide them with such things to meet their needs?

To that one could indeed respond: in large towns, where commerce and handicrafts flourish, one observes that townspeople occupy themselves little or not at all with farming; and a countryman who is assiduous in farming is fully occupied with his work and does not have time to engage in rural trade, which would involve him in a harmful multiplicity of activities and waste his valuable time, which should have been applied to cultivating the soil. But to that I reply: that observation is quite correct with regard to populous towns and densely populated rural districts that are adjacent to the towns. Where people live close together, there multiple activities cease of their own accord and everyone concentrates on a specific occupation. That has happened in every age, but as soon as the laws ordain such things, that offends to a greater or lesser degree against the most sensitive right of nature; one man becomes dominant, another oppressed. And when such laws are applied in particular to the more sparsely inhabited provinces, one immediately inhibits the growth in population and commodities.

To banish the simultaneous pursuit of multiple occupations is the task of nature, not of political regulation. And the fear that freedom will create heterogeneity or disorder is in itself nothing but an idle fancy presented to legislators, in which I can scarcely credit that its own authors believe, although they wish to scare others with it, in order to entrench their exclusive privileges.

 

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