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Writing: Answer to the Question on Rural Trade

Answer to the Question on Rural Trade, § 14

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§ 14

In order to settle such a fundamental issue as this one is, I request permission to take my reader somewhat further out into the world, to throw some light on the present issue from ancient or more recent events in other countries.

Board of Trade Counsellor Kryger demonstrates quite convincingly in his Thoughts in Leisure Hours1 in what a short space of time the human population increased and occupied the world before the Flood and that no particular rights then existed among the inhabitants of the earth, but that everyone worked and sustained himself in any way he pleased. But in our own time, when there is so much concern for an increase in population, one prefers to deal with it by quite different means. I can only wonder what the first world would have looked like had one placed its inhabitants’ occupations under guardianship, regulations and privileges, made some into merchants, others into manufacturers and others into farmers, prohibited rural trade, appointed public prosecutors, conducted trials, confiscated commodities, imposed fines and so on. I believe it would have been said a few centuries after the creation of the world what was stated at the beginning, namely that it was without form and void of human beings.

A learned Freemason2 proves with quite persuasive arguments in a speech to his brethren that the amount of people and commodities in earlier times was greater than in our own; but then there were no such restrictions as those that have become firmly established in our own time. It is now believed, however, that the same purposes are achieved by constraint as then by freedom.

The Jews, who possessed a small region of the Promised Land, were quite numerous; their main occupation appeared, from the time of Solomon, to be commerce. They travelled around almost the whole world, selling their goods and exchanging them for others, and were thus also great rural traders.

But no nation is able to set us a better example in this respect than China, for it is undoubtedly the country with the greatest number of people and commodities in the world. The capital, Peking, alone is inhabited by more than one million people, or about 20 times as many as Stockholm. All the roads around it are as full of people as Skeppsbron in Stockholm in the summer. But their political arrangements have also given their trades the most extensive freedom and seek only to protect everyone from oppression.

Imagine what the situation would be after 20 or 30 years in the densely populated and industrious Holland if rural trade were prohibited and the distinction between urban and rural occupations carefully observed, some of the towns made into staple towns and everything organized on a strict guild system. I am sure that Holland would then already be a wasteland, in most places inundated with water, with little more than remnants of its former industriousness apparent to posterity, where it now extends in perfect prosperity, with every freedom of commerce, navigation and transport, enjoyed equally by Dutch farmers and burghers.


  1. Thoughts in Leisure Hours: J.F. Kryger, Tankar wid lediga stunder, 3 vols, Stockholm, 1761– 6. About Kryger, see The Causes of Emigration, Introduction, note 1.
  2. a learned Freemason: refers to Montesquieu, who was a well-acknowledged Freemason. In his Persian Letters (Lettres persanes, letter CXII), Montesquieu proposed that the population of the world had once been ten times as large as it was in modern times.

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