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Writing: Answer to the Question on Rural Trade

Answer to the Question on Rural Trade, § 15

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§ 15

With regard to commerce, Russia has for a long time been entirely free, and the rural trade constitutes one of the most essential occupations in that extensive country. Here the inhabitants move around like ants in order to assist each other. The rural traders have their districts, not by decree but according to convenience and by agreement. They come across the border into Ostrobothnia and Finland with such goods as they believe they can find a market for and look for furs and other things that suit their trade, which they pay well for and carry some way into Russia, where they sell their goods to another rural trader, and he to a third and so forth; and that at such a modest profit that a licensed trader among us would hardly wish to sell his commodity for so little gain, which all three rural traders share among themselves. Precisely under that freedom their crafts have reached a very high level. Their leather goods and yufts are matchless; their furs made at reasonable prices from hares’ necks, squirrels’ heads, the leg pieces of foxes and cats, etc. are sought in vain elsewhere; their soap is renowned; their gloves are good; their footwear the cheapest available in Europe. And those who have travelled there repeatedly have attested that as soon as one crosses the Swedish border, even in the most recently captured Lappeenranta (Villmanstrand),1 the population is much larger than on our side, and that simply because of the freedom to live and improve themselves, although all the inhabitants would, in other respects, rather be Swedish subjects.

When I now add to that the provision, in the peace treaty most recently concluded with Turkey2 by the Empress of Russia,3 for a completely open and unrestricted freedom of enterprise, and other matters, I have to admit that I am not a little vexed by the fact that one of the hitherto less civilized nations in Europe has gained the honour of being among the first promoters of freedom, while Sweden will still probably have to labour for whole centuries or halfcenturies under the bondage of trade associations.

Finally, the great King of France has also brought the issue so far that he has overcome parliament, guilds and craft societies when he succeeded in getting the decree of freedom registered, which, among other things, declares: “Every person of whatever quality and rank he may be, including every foreigner, shall, without a certificate of naturalization, be permitted throughout the realm, and particularly in this city, to commence and practise such kinds of trade, art or craft, as well as several of them combined, as he himself thinks fit; to which end His Majesty entirely abolishes and removes all the master­hoods and guilds of the traders and craftsmen and nullifies all privileges, rules and regulations issued in respect of these, so that no burgher may be inconvenienced or hampered for their sake in the pursuit of his trade or craft.”4

 

† That was the situation in France when I wrote this, but since then affairs there have taken on a quite different complexion.


  1. Lappeenranta: as a consequence of the disastrous war with Russia in 1741–2, Sweden lost parts of Karelia to Russia, including Lappeenranta (Villmanstrand), in the Peace of Turku in 1743.
  2. . . . in the peace treaty most recently concluded with Turkey: in 1774 a peace agreement was established between Turkey and Russia, which concluded a war between the countries that had broken out in 1768.
  3. the Empress of Russia: Catherine II “the Great” (1729–96), empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796.
  4. Every person of whatever quality and rank: refers to Turgot’s six edicts; see § 3, note 2. The text Chydenius refers to is published in Turgot, op. cit., pp. 311–12.

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