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Writing: Account of the Chinese Freedom to Write

Account of the Chinese Freedom to Write

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The Emperor of China1 is an autocrat and does indeed possess completely unlimited power. His subjects, on the other hand, are submissive, adaptable, cheerful and industrious and show a virtually divine veneration for their emperor. The latter can confidently do as he wishes, as long as he upholds the laws and conforms to the constitution.

Inasmuch, however, as their most ancient chronicles prove by innumerable examples that the rulers have never prospered when they have infringed the laws but have always been successful as long as they have upheld the laws of the land, nothing but their observance has been able to satisfy the people.

And as the most essential part of their law or constitution is that the ruler should be willing to listen to and receive memorials, all their wise emperors, who have readily understood the usefulness and necessity of this, have for that reason never neglected such matters. Not only have they permitted every man to freely and openly put forward whatever he considered to be useful for the emperor to know, but in ancient times they also hung tablets on the outer wall of the palace, on which anyone could write whatever he found it necessary to call attention to, and placed a drum next to them for him to beat in order to gain a hearing for what he had to say.

Indeed, in addition to that, both in acknowledgement of their own imperfection and as evidence of their love of the truth and apprehension of ignorance and obscurity, they themselves appointed some censors or supervisors who were to attend on them daily and remind them of their duties, warn them about their failings and inform them of everything that might occur in the actual governance of the realm. And in order that they should do so fearlessly and with candour, revealing their innermost thoughts, they were given the assurance that nothing would be taken amiss.

But when eventually some emperors could not bear to hear the truth, this freedom was also regarded as harmful and then restricted and ultimately abolished altogether.

When the emperor Ven ti2 finally ascended the throne and found how impracticable it was to uphold the constitution and the laws without restoring this freedom, he issued a decree throughout his realm in which he announced that by such a prohibition he had not only been deprived of the mature advice and knowledge of those who were far removed from him but that it had also sealed the lips of his own ministers, for which reason he wished to have that law reintroduced and renewed.

He therefore immediately ordered that wise and upright men should be sought out, of whom he could make use for all kinds of duties, particularly those who were courageous enough to report to him all that he ought to know. It was, however, to be the main occupation of his ministers to examine and daily report both on his own and the government’s failings, and that they should expressly comment on such matters. I wish, he says, to read your memorials, and when reading them I wish in particular to perceive whether your zeal is honest and whether your candour extends so far that it does not spare my own person.

I allow everyone free access, the emperor Tai tsong3 likewise says in one of his edicts, and hereby permit the submission of all memorials. I wish to remove all fear from my subjects, so that I may continually, as far as possible, learn something new.

When the emperor Te tsong,4 who for a long time had not wished to hear of his shortcomings or tolerate any memorials, at length became aware that he had thereby reduced his realm to wretchedness, he finally takes the initiative and issues a general edict throughout his realm, in which he openly admits that he had spent the first years of his reign badly and that it was already high time to correct his faults. I regard the past time as wasted, he says, and have set my subjects a bad example, so that it is no wonder that the people goes astray when the ruler himself does not follow the right path; and in addition to this admission he issues an order that caused indescribable joy throughout his realm.

When the emperor Vou ti5 wished to confirm that freedom he says: Do not think that I will be satisfied with tittle-tattle; I wish to know the truth; let neither respect nor fear hold you back but speak candidly, for that is our wish. Conceal nothing from me, and with regard to my own person speak freely, without dissemblance and circumlocution, and do not fear any disfavour.

In another decree he says: I have previously announced to you that I would appreciate if useful memorials are submitted to me, but in order to encourage those concerned to be all the more candid I hereby declare that when such memorials are positive and aim at the general good, their authors shall in no way be blamed if not everything in them is as well formulated as it ought to be. I willingly pardon and excuse such faults. And in order that everyone may the more clearly be aware that there is now freedom throughout my realm to submit memorials, I hereby order that Kong chao and Ki mou fou6 shall be set at liberty again, despite their having disregarded every form of reverence and respect.

Similarly the emperor Hiao ven ti7 urges the same when he expresses himself as follows at the end of his decree: It is thus our sincere wish and desire that all our subjects, from the highest to the lowest, shall freely disclose to us everything that they believe will be useful for us to know, in order to promote the supreme happiness of our subjects. Do not conceal anything from me but speak out openly on all matters. Compose your message concisely and plainly, so that I myself can examine it and make use of it.

And as these and many other emperors have permitted and enjoined such a freedom, their censors and ministers, generals and mandarins, indeed often people of the very lowest class, have also availed themselves of it, with no less wisdom and resourcefulness than outspokenness and determination.

Kia chan8 once prays the emperor Ven ti most humbly, among other things, to guard against an excessive fondness for hunting, as not only he himself but also the many ministers who accompanied him thereby neglected the affairs of the realm. It is, he said, my zeal for the renown of the emperor that forbids me to conceal what it distresses me to observe.

Qvang heng9 describes to the emperor Yuen ti10 the vices of the court, saying that one would look in vain for virtue among subjects as long as those vices reigned at court, and prays that he would permit free access to his throne for all well-intended memorials.

And Kong ya represents to the same emperor his immoderation with regard to gifts and the poor state of the realm. He prays that the emperor would restrict the expenditure on the royal household and reduce the number of his concubines, horses, gardens and deer-parks; for it is not the will of Heaven, he says, when someone is placed on the throne, that he should live before many thousands of other people as he personally desires to, but that he should make his subjects happy. And history records that the emperor not only received this memorial with good grace but also complied with it.

Tsoui qvang11 pointed out to the emperor Souen vou ti12 that he concerned himself too little with the government and agriculture but too much with entertainments. He describes to him the wretched state of the realm and asks him to abolish all unnecessary expenses, to banish hypocrites and not to allow any others around him than those who were sensible and virtuous; and it is said that the emperor on that account daily held him in higher regard.

Ta leang13 writes to the emperor Tai tsong and prays that he would take care not to let hunting again become too much of a preoccupation with him. The emperor thanks him for that in the most agreeable terms and asks him to continue with his activity, as a timely admonition is a precious gift. He therefore presented him in return with three golden vessels.

Ouei tehing14 advises the same emperor to strive above all for virtue, as the best means by which he would learn to choose virtuous people to have around him and whereby the vices would be prevented from approaching his throne. He asks him to keep a close watch on his own emotions, not to be incensed by the truth and not to inhibit the outspokenness of true patriots. He reminds him of the emperor Yao’s15 drum and Chun’s16 tablets and says that notwithstanding that a ruler in all earnestness seeks to encourage his subjects to tell him the truth, there still remains even in the most courageous man a certain apprehension of conveying all that he would wish to say. And it is told of the emperor that he responded quite graciously to all that, acknowledged his imperfection, replied to him with his own hand and presented him with 300 pieces of silk fabric.

Innumerable other individuals have submitted such memorials and admonitions to their emperors, though not always with the same success.

Sou ngan heng17 by no means expected a good outcome when he concluded his memorial to the reigning emperor Vou heou18 with these outspoken words: Your Imperial Majesty should not think that there is any other incentive for this memorial of mine than my genuine zeal and devotion, but should this liberty of mine nonetheless rouse Your Majesty to anger, I am well aware that Your Majesty possesses the power to demonstrate to all Your subjects, by depriving me of my head, that You cannot tolerate the truth.

Nor is there any lack of such examples in their chronicles.

Kie and Tcheou,19 two tyrants who disgraced the human race, could never have enough of amusements and entertainments and tolerated no others around them than a few giddy youths, who exalted their misdeeds, and had three of the greatest and wisest men in the country pitifully executed because of their admonitions.

Despite all that, however, others have not desisted from pointing out to such emperors why things have gone wrong for them. When going to see their emperor with their memorials, they took their coffins with them and left them by the palace gate in order to show thereby how ready they were to die for the truth and for the good of the fatherland. One after another did so, until the emperor himself finally tired of his cruelty, or admitted his injustice, repented of his faults and did what was right.

Others, however, when they perceived how fruitless all their memorials had been in their life-time, have thought of ways of making them more effectual after their deaths.

However great the zeal and outspokenness of these patriots may have been, one is nonetheless more surprised by the forbearance and piety of so many of their emperors.

For the outspokenness and zeal of the former was in a sense natural, and a patriot who truly loves his ruler is painfully affected by the evil that either overshadows his dear fatherland or threatens it with ruin.

But what almost supernatural patience and mildness is not required, first to be able to be confronted with one’s faults, then to be persuaded of them and finally to summon the strength to renounce them? It is, I suppose, as far from heaven to earth as it is from earth to heaven, but there is naturally an immensely greater distance in the ascent from the vices to virtue than there is in the descent from virtue to the vices. It must therefore be hard to say what has induced these rulers to show such admirable piety.

Even if the reason for that should be found in the words that occur in their canonical books, called Chu king,20 which read as follows: If someone gives you advice that is contrary to your inclinations and desires, you have reason to believe that it is good advice, yet one has to admit that they, as heathens, have a greater reverence and respect for their canonical books than many Christians have for theirs.


  1. The Emperor of China: The work contains references to both mythical and historical emperors, including one empress. The emperors are designated by the so-called posthumous temple names. The same posthumous temple names were used by successive dynasties, though here they seem to relate mostly to the Han and Tang dynasties. In this work, however, the name of the dynasty was not used, in order to emphasise the dynastic interconnections, which together with the old French system of romanisation has made their identification very difficult.
  2. Ven ti: Han Wendi, Chinese emperor, reigned 202–157 B.C.
  3. Tai tsong: Tang Taizong, Chinese emperor, reigned A.D. 626–649
  4. Te tsong: Tang Dezong, Chinese emperor, reigned A.D. 780–805
  5. Vou ti: Han Wudi, Chinese emperor, reigned 141–87 B.C.
  6. Kong chao and Ki mou fou: possibly Kong Shao and Ji Mufu
  7. Hiao ven ti: Han Wendi, Chinese emperor, reigned 202–157 B.C.
  8. Kia chan: possibly Jia Shan
  9. Qvang heng: possibly Kuang Heng or Guang Heng
  10. Yuen ti: Han Yuandi, Chinese emperor, reigned 48–33 B.C.
  11. Tsoui qvang: possibly Cui Kuang
  12. Souen vou ti: unidentified Chinese emperor, possibly Sun Wudi or Han Wudi
  13. Ta leang: possibly Da Liang
  14. Ouei tehing: should probably be Ouei tching for Wei Jing or possibly Wei Qing
  15. Yao, mythical Chinese emperor and culture hero, often dated to the third millennium B.C.
  16. Shun, mythical Chinese emperor and culture hero, often dated to the third millennium B.C.
  17. Sou ngan heng: possibly Su Anheng
  18. the reigning emperor Vou heou: The emperor Vou heou has been identified as the empress Tang Wu Hou, who reigned A.D. 690–705. In the original text Anders Chydenius mistook her gender. In the Danish author Fredrik Lütken’s work Oeconomiske Tanker til høiere Efter-Tanke (1759), which forms the basis of Chydenius’ presentation, on the other hand, the matter was correctly understood (“the reigning empress Vou heou”, p. 18). Lütken’s work was in its turn based on material from the work Description de la Chine I–IV (1735) by the French Jesuit Jean-Baptiste Du Halde.
  19. Kie and Tcheou: Jie and Zhou, mythical ancient Chinese tyrants
  20. Chu king: Shujing, a collection of legal and constitutional texts with commentaries, one of the so-called five classics of Confucianism.

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