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Writing: American Birchbark Boats

American Birchbark Boats, § 3

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§. 3.

These birchbark boats, which are usually made from one and a half to seven fathoms long, do not always have a length corresponding to their width and depth, for our Praeses has measured some in North America and found that one that was five and a half fathoms long was two and three quarter ells wide in the middle and one and a quarter ell deep. Another that was eight and a half ells long was one ell wide and three quarters of an ell and two inches deep in the middle and not much less at the ends. They can be rowed like other boats with as many pairs of oars as one wishes. Though both the French and the natives of America, who never travel in their boats except facing ahead, usually back water1 or, as the English and the Swedes in Pennsylvania call it, ‘paddle’ along, when the one who sits in the stern takes care of the steering with his oar. When using them one usually takes the precaution of moving very slowly in shallow and muddy places, for otherwise it could happen that logs, branches and rocks could tear away a whole section of the bottom, if the boat rushes towards them at speed. On approaching a beach it is also, for the same reason, inadvisable to allow the boat to run on until it becomes grounded; but it should be stopped in its course before then, when one steps into the water and carries the cargo ashore. If there is a woman or important people in it, a man will carry them up on land. Though neither would be necessary if only a jetty were built out from land, as the engraving shows, alongside which the boat could be placed and onto it both the cargo and the people be disembarked. Finally the boat itself is also carried up on land and turned over; for otherwise it would soon be broken to pieces by wind and waves against beaches, rocks and branches and moreover sooner begin to rot. But if there were a danger that the heat of the sun might melt the pitch off the seams, one covers the bottom with branches, or else places it with the bottom resting on the ground, though the latter must by no means be done if it were to lie still for several weeks; for then the moisture rising from the soil will rot away the birchbark in the bottom. These birchbark boats last for a longer or shorter time, from three to eight years, according to how well they are looked after and are used in clear water; for in shallow, muddy and rocky waters they will not last long.


  1. Chydenius thinks that the normal way of moving a boat is to row and that one then sits facing astern. From this point of view paddling means rowing backwards.

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